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Music Study Guide EssayMusic is an art ground on the composition of sounds in time. Also the universal language of man or something who knows Pitch is the relative highness or lowness that we hear in a soundTone is a sound that has a clear pitchInterval is the distance in a pitch between any ii tonesTones be separated by an interval called the octaveTones have a specific frequency in medicinal drugPitch range is the distance between the lowest and highest tones that a voice or mover bottom of the inning produceRange of an untrained voice is between 1 and 2 octavesDynamics argon degrees of mass or softness in musicLoudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces the sound vehemence is an emphasis of a noteInstrument may be defined as any appliance that produces musical soundRegister is the part of the tonal range of an instrument or voicePizzicato- tweak stringDouble stop- devil notes at onceVibrato- rocking the left hand while pressing flock with the other. Throbbing expressive tone that causes small pitch fluctuations that make the tone warmer Mute- a secure that veils or muffles that toneTremolo- rapidly repeats tones by quick up-and- follow out strokes of the bow Harmonics- Very high pitched tones argon produced when the musician lightly touches certain points on a string Woodwinds have little holes along their duration that are opened and closed by the fingers or pads obtainled by a key mechanism Flutes and piccolos are vie by blowing across the edge of a mouth hole Recorders are played by blowing through a whistle mouthpiece Single- vibrating reed woodwinds are played by fastening a reed over a hole in the mouthpiece that vibrates when the player blows over it (ex- clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone)Double-reed woodwinds use two compact pieces of cane that are held between the musicians lips (ex- English horn, contrabassoon, bassoon) Bass instruments are played by the musician blowing into a cup- or funnel-shaped mou thpiece (vibrations of bass instruments come from their lips) Pitch of brass instrument is regulated by varying lip tension and by using slides and valvesMutes alter the tone color of bass instrumentsWhen a pianists finger strikes a key, a felt-covered hammer swings up against a string (greater the force on the key, much powerful the hammers blow, louder the tone produced) Damper comes down on the string to stop the vibrations when the pianist lets go of the key Damper pedal is the most key pedal, allows a pianist to sustain tonesUna corda pedal, on the left, veils the soundSostenuto pedal, in the middle, allows the pianist to sustain some tones without sustaining others harpsichord has strings that are plucked. Controlled by one or two keyboards. Pipe organ has many sets of pipes controlled by sev whilel keyboards, including a pedal keyboard played the organists feet Tape studio was the main tool of composers of electronic music during the 1950s Synthesizers are systems of elec tronic components that generate, modify, and control soundAnalog Synthesis is based on representing data in terms of measurable physical quantities Digital frequency modulation synthesis is based on representing physical quantities as numbers Sampling involves placing brief digital recordings of live sounds under the control of a synthesiser keyboard Instrument Digital interface (MIDI) is a standard adopted by manufacturers for interfacing synthesizer equipment Consonance is a tone combination that is stable. They are points of arrival, rest, and resolution. Dissonance is a tone combination that is unstable. Its tension demands an onward motion to a stable chord Dissonance has its resolution when it moves to a consonanceThe center field AgesThe Middle Ages spanned from 450-1450Most important musicians were priests church building officials required monks to sing with proper pronunciation, concentration, and tone quality Church frowned upon instruments because of their earlier role in pagan rites Gregorian chant is a melody set to dedicated Latin texts and sung w/o accompaniment Gregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its calendar method of birth control is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little comprehend of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance spanned from 1450-1600The Renaissance mass is a polyphonic choral composition make up of the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei BaroqueBaroque era spanned from 1600-1750Baroque era used violins a lot. Organ and harpsichord where the main keyboard instruments Baroque suite is a set of dance-inspired attempts. It is made up of movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character. Usually in A A B B French overture is a leafy vegetable Baroque suite opening.Short AnswerMiddle Ages (450-1450)Renaissance (1450-1600)Baroque (1600-1750)Classical (1750-1820)Romantic (1820-1900) coetane ous (1900-now)3 Composers per periodMiddle Ages- Hildegard of Bingen, Perotin, Francesco Landini Renaissance- Josquin Desprez, Thomas Morley, Giovanni Gabrieli Baroque- Johann Sebastian Bach, George Fredric Handel, Henry Purcell Italian dynamic markingsPianissimoppvery softPiano psoftmezzo-soprano Pianompmoderately softMezzo fortemfmoderately loudFortefloudFortissimoffvery loudOrchestras contain string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. Symphonic bands contain brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. forked Meter- measure has two beatsTriple Meter- measure has 3 beatsQuadruple Meter- measure has 4 beatsGregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its rhythm is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale. Polychoral Motet- motet for two or more choirs, often including groups of instruments Brandenburg Concerto No.5 in D Major (1721), by Johann Sebastian Bach. Ritorn ello form, forked meter. Used a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and a harpsichord. EssaysCompare and contrast two periods of music that weve learned Middle Ages and RenaissanceCompare Musicians worked in churches. The church keeped an important patron of music. oral music was more important the instrumental music. Both had sacred music(Gregorian chant, Renaissance mass). Both used church modes as their basic scale of music. The cantus firmus (Melody used as the basis of a polyphonic choral) was used in both periods. Contrast Musical activity gradually shifted to the courts in the Ren. Musicians had higher statuses in the Ren. Ren music sounds heavy than MA music.Bass register was used for the first time in the Ren, expanding the pitch range to more than 4 octaves. Invention of the printing press widened the circulation of music, and the number of composers and performers increased in the Ren. Ren music was more some men rather than God. I nstruments were used more often in the Ren. Composers were no longer content to remain unknown in the Ren they wanted fame and recognition for their works.Bachs contributions to the Baroque periodBach was the mack daddy of Baroque music. His works show an astounding mastery of harmony and counterpoint, and they are used as models by music students today. With his set of six Brandenburg Concertos, Bach brought immortality to a German aristocrat, the margrave of Brandenburg. In Concerto No.5, Bach uses a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and harpsichord. This was the first time a harpsichord was given a solo in a concerto grosso. The harpsichords solo at the end of the first movement is spectacular. His audience marveled at this brilliant harpsichord solo within a concerto grosso, and audiences today are yet blown away by it.Bach wrote fugues that were the peak among works in the form. In his collections of preludes and fugues, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Back explored with remarkable thoroughness systems of tuning instruments that enabled a composer to write in all 24 keys, even keys with many sharps and flats. Bach likewise composed what is probably the most monumental setting of the Roman Catholic mass (Mass in B Minor). It was too long to be performed in a mass, so Bach was just probably beingness a show-off. Bach wrote about 295 church cantatas. Cantata No. 140 is his most famous.