Health Club Essay

Health hostelryhouses have sprouted everywhere to raise alternatives to the traditional gym set-up. Health clubs provide non just calculate equipments but health and fitness programs as well. In this regard, the manifest functions of a health club include providing an sour venue providing a comp health and fitness program promoting general well being through and through exercise and fitness routines.As the name implies, a health clubs most transparent function is keeping its members healthy and the club does it through the most natural promoter of keeping fit that is, by exercising and following a healthy lifestyle. Health clubs do not offer artificial means of trimming down and toning the body. If a voluptuous person wants to lower his weight, he has to train his body instead of crapulence diet pills. Aside from the exercise equipment, a health club has sports facilities and exercise classes to help its members achieve a balanced and monitored fitness program.Meanwhile, a health club also has latent functions that are not readily evident to deal. These include providing a venue for a family to spend bonding judgment of conviction a potential ground for networking promoting good health and healthy backing not just among its members but the country as a wholly and helping the people and the government save on health boot costsA health club is a good distance for a family to go. Becoming fit together is a good route for family to spend time together. A health club also provides people with new acquaintances that they can possibly have business with in the future. By promoting healthy living, a health club keeps the people from getting sick. This means a lot of savings on hospitalization and health safekeeping costs.

Brand Life cycle- Nescafe

Nescaf is a gull of instant deep brown made by Nestl. It comes in many contrasting output forms. The name is a portmanteau of the words Nestl and caf. Nestls flagship powdered deep brown product was introduced in Switzerland on April 1, 1938. a fault introduced by the Nestl company, so-and-so be traced back to the 1930s.FIRST STAGE LAUNCH OF THE BRAND.Nescafe launched under the umbrella pit of draw close. It offers its buyers premium roasted deep brown. The strategy that Nescafe took was to offer a distinguish able-bodied and advance smack of umber at an afford fit price. It was start-off launched in India in Delhi. Initi entirelyy it targeted the housewives and office goers. Therefore they first studied he just ab by effective places to come on it in. Then came the various mediums through which they result promote it. Nescafe right from the launch has come up with various TVCs. Television advertise is the most(prenominal) effective way to maintain the label aw a rness and gain a mass audience at one time. By creating advertisements it was able to reach its potential and target audience. Whether housewives or working professionals all welcome access to a television. It had been portrayed as a drink to drink down your day with and getting rid of tiredness, fatigue, sleepiness and providing a superior and variant taste.The provoker had a niche look and feel to it, yet priced reasonably. Nescafe to a fault targeted Offices and big enterprises where they exclusively put vending machines. This not only change magnitude the consumption of coffee but besides helped in the promotion of their bell ringer. And pot were so impressed by the taste that they would also purchase it for al-Qaida so in turn their sales increased. We have also seen such(prenominal) vending machines in Malls and cafeterias. This way more(prenominal) and more hatful were able to taste the brand and in turn it created brand awareness. It also propagate brand aware ness through print media, lot of briskspaper and magazine publisher advertisements. A very important aspect for the growth of the brand was its upgrade brand- Nestle. By the time Nescafe launched in India Nestle has a sinewy brand image amongst the audience andshared a relationship of trust and heritage.Therefore more and more people opted for the brand. As a product strategy they endlessly promoted the fact that they are giving its customers the beat selection of coffee and speed of light% pure that in turn became its USP. They also launched various types to cater to the different coffee l all overs- mild, rich, and espresso, instant and so on. This way they had captured the market. As for the pricing of the brand they kept it reasonable- not very low or very high. They knew that Indians are very economical and look for the best deals. Therefore providing superior taste at an affordable price will attract many. Nescafe also created junior-grade campaigns that would intrigue its customers- these campaigns were seen on television and even through print media.These campaigns worked towards creating a stronger brand image. As though to make Nescafe synonymous to coffee. One of their most popular campaigns being the Nescafe Red Mug. Even today we all can associate Nescafe with its signature red mug. What more they even gave out these mugs as freebies with coffee bottles.Similarly they provided shakers for making cold coffee and etc. For the new flavours of coffee, sample sachets were distributed. In the beginning any company needs to lapse a substantial amount of money and time in strengthen their brand image amongst the masses and creating maximum brand awareness whether its through pricing or promotion. Nescafe has employ all possible mediums in doing so and today it has emerged as the Market leader.SECOND STAGE- MATURITYFor a brand adulthood is that leg when the people are fully aware of the existence of the brand. With this comes in its competitor brands. For Nescafe thankfully there hasnt been much competition in the Indian market except for Bru. Bru is under HUL and entered the market shortly after(prenominal) Nescafe. It also claimed to offer high quality coffee. Brus USP was that was Indias largest coffee brand. Bru targeted almost all sectors of audience, even the younger generation. Its ads and promotion was more customer centric. It talked more about bonds and emotions indeed captured a lot of attention. At such a stage Nescafe had to remind its customers of its presence. Nescafe as a brand has already created awareness therefore what they did was tried to connect with its audience.There was no need opromote the product anymore as people were already aware of it and similard it. So what they did was got create campaigns where people could cite with the brand. Nescafe indulged into below the line promotion like celebrity endorsements and sponsorships. In their late(a) ads they have got popular actors endorsing the b rand and promoting the fact that they too drink a cup of Nescafe everyday whether in between work or over a conversation. One of their lastest campaigns being to know your neighbours.This campaign doesnt really talk about the goodness of Nescafe or coffee. It concentrates more on bonding, relationships and how coffee can be a conversation starter. They had actors like Deepika Padukone endorse it therefore this also fulfilled their aim at targeting the younger generation as well. They have also entered into social marketing with such campaigns- through facebook, cheep and of course its own website. Nescafe as also opened cafeterias and coffee lounges therefore giving its customers a complete coffee experience. They have also cleverly targeted the places in which these cafes will be opened. Places which are in occlude proximity to colleges, offices and malls will attract maximum number of customers. Strategies like these were used just to keep the brand alive and sustainable in the minds of its customers.THIRD STAGE- DECLINING STAGENescafe has hush up not reached a declining. It is still the market leader and has a strong presence in the minds of its customers. If at all it ever reaches a declining stage it must recover by the following methods- When a brand reaches a declining stage it means that it has lost out to other(a) competitor brand on the basis of quality ,taste, variety, promotion etc. So first stage is to identify the cause and then work upon it. If its quality or taste they must improve upon it and relaunch it to let its customers know that the new product is better,tastier,richer and so on. It can launch a variety of new products- this will excite the customers and they will have something new to look for to.Tying up with other brands- Maybe Nescafe can tie up with other brands under Nestle and promote itself with it. Maybe by giving its customers attractive offers. bundle the two products and selling it. Buyers are always economical and lookin g for thebest deals. So maybe the company can give discounts and other sttractive offers like buy one get one, 20% more.etc. Make impudently TVCs and emphasise on brand heritage since its an old brand.

Merits and Demerits of Globalisation Essay

Introduction globalisation or (globalisation) is the do by by which the people of the world atomic number 18 unified into a champion society and function together. Globalization is often used to refer to economical globalisation the integration of national economies into the international economy through cover, foreign direct investment, nifty flows, migration, and the spread of technology. This process is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, socio- pagan, political and biologic factors. The term can also refer to the transnational dissemination of ideas, languages, or popular culture.Globalization means increasing the interdependence, connectivity and integration on a global level with respect to the social, cultural, political, technological, economic and ecological levels. Effects of globalization- ? enhancement in the information flow between geographically remote manoeuvre locations ? the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital ? there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies ? global production markets emerge ?Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders ? change magnitude flow of communications allows vital information to be divided up between individuals and corporations around the world ? Spread of democratic ideals to developed nations ? great interdependence of nation-states ? Reduction of likelihood of war between developed nations ? Workers in less developed countries should see an increase in wages and animated benefits. If they do, their rising standard of living should help them consume products from developed nations.A virtuous circle can theoretically be created by a whole new middle class that didnt exist. ? Peace should be easier to maintain between nations as no country would remain insulate in this new world order. The relationship of China and the United States has changed dramatically as their trade partner status has increased over the years. ? Globalization can help modernize create countries faster. Modern ideas can be spread to the workers, who make up the social order. ? Products can be purchased to a greater extent than cheaper in developing countries, which increases the carriagestyle of the people.As we pay less for fair common items, we have more to spend on big fine items, which fuel higher paid manufacturing jobs in developed countries. Advantages of globalization in the developing world It is claimed that globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. The civil liberties are enhanced and there is a more efficient use of resources. All the countries involved in the free trade are at a profit. As a result, there are lower prices, more employment and a better standard of life in these developing nations.It is feared that some developing regions progress at the expenditure of other developed regions. However, such(prenominal) doub ts are futile as globalization is a positive-sum chance in which the skills and technologies enable to increase the living standards throughout the world. Liberals look at globalization as an efficient tool to occur penury and allow the poor people a firm ground in the global economy. In two decades from 1981 to 2001, the number of people endure on $1 or less per day decreased from 1. 5 billion to 1. 1 billion. Simultaneously, the world population also increased.Thus, the percentage of such people decreased from 40% to 20% in such developing countries. Disadvantages of globalisation Disadvantages of globalisation are as follows- ? Increased flow of adroit and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as corporations seek out the cheapest labor ? Increased likelihood of economic disruptions in one nation effecting all nations ? embodied influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individuals ? Threat that control of world med ia by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression ?

Copyright and Other Issues Regarding Digital Media and the Internet

In the old days when you wanted to buy your favourite(a) artists brisk album you would head to your local understand store to buy it. The artists and disk label would each get a cut of the moolah. But today to a greater extent medication fans argon opting for 99 cent d proclaimloads or blow free unison on-line. Obtaining a tender track or album is reasonable a click remote with iTunes, subscription services homogeneous Spotify, free Internet streaming sites care Pandora, or even YouTube where you digest watch medicament videos. For most of us, at least for myself, downloading music is a favorite activity when on the Internet.Downloading music and new(prenominal) media files from the Internet whitethorn tie it conveniently available. But does it have a negative effect on the music fabrication? Does it affect the net of the artists? What ar the pros and cons of downloading music? There are a lot of questions revolving slightly the music intentness and the advances of digital media technology. I leave explore these questions and look for to answer the big question of whether downloading, both judicial and criminal, is a veridical threat to the overall music industriousness?The pros and cons of downloading music faecal matter be explored based differing criteria, with the most controversial being whether the downloaded music is legally acquired. Since Napster, the origin peer-to-peer file sharing network, made its debut in 1999 and subscription and establish-per-download technology like iTunes exploded, debate has grown concerning the logistical, ethical and financial repercussions of downloading music. The main argument that record labels make ab come out the promotion of digital media technology is that downloading music gives break to copyright and piracy issues.When one uses the copied versions of these files, they are indirectly encouraging piracy. When downloading such media files, it does not go for the purchase of the original copies of music, which results in a trespass of copyright law. According to the establishing Industry Association of America (RIAA), 30 one thousand million phone calls were illegally downloaded between 2004 and 2009 (Adkins). Even with sites like iTunes offering legal downloads, peer-to-peer file sharing still runs rampant.Thus, illegally downloading music is believed to have a significant impact on the music industry resulting in a loss of profits and jobs, and ever-changing how music is delivered to the masses. The RIAA reports that music sales in the United States have dropped 47 percent since Napster first debuted in 1999. The availableness of free music has cost the music industry $12. 5 billion in economic losses (Adkins). To make up for about of these losses, the music industry has filed lawsuits against individuals who have been found to have illegally downloaded music.In some cases, individuals have been sued for thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of dollars. Th e problem is, when one illegally downloads music, they arent just hurt music executives, who are often stereotyped as greedy business community exploiting the creativity of the musicians they are also hurting the musicians. The huge popularity of illegal downloads is changing the music industry, reducing the incentive for musicians and labels to develop and finance new projects. Singers and bands are the public face of the music industry, but creating, recording and promoting a song takes a large team of people.As record companies have seen their profits decrease, they have had to cut positions they are no longer able to afford. This includes artists as well as engineers, songwriters, producers, and technicians. The RIAA reveals that more than 71,000 jobs have been lost as a result of illegally downloading music (MacMillan). The bottom line is that every typography of music downloaded without payment steals money that should be going to the musicians who renderd the music. Lastl y, it is often left-hand(a) out that by downloading media files, it loses its originality.Though downloading makes it easily available to the masses, it also makes it break far and wide. Something that is very easily available is considered to be of a lesser value therefore devaluing their art. On the other side, digital media is convenient for users, as they can obtain music and movies, save it to their computers and potentially transfer it to CDs or iPods without ever leaving their homes. It can also be done from anywhere with an Internet connection, and at any time, in contrast to music purchased at a traditional store.You can obtain potentially wicked to line up tracks without needing access to a well-stocked store. Access to older music can cease the producer and artist to continue to make money for paid downloads geezerhood after the release of that album. New advances in technology and digital media renounce users to select specific tracks that they want, or else of requiring them to purchase an entire album. This encourages users to download more because they feel they are getting a better deal. It releases artists to gauge the audiences resolution to individual songs this feedback may be used to guide future ongwriting (Borland). digital media downloads represent a cost saving over traditional hard copies because customers are not paying for packaging, store costs and additional charges. It can also represent a cost saving to the artist, as they may be able to market directly to the target audience instead of through a promotions agent. Lastly, and most importantly, without downloading, streaming, or file sharing the somebody may have never heard the music for which they are audience to. The biggest problem a band has is getting its music heard.For years, the music industry was confined to four multinational corporations that dominated the revenue stream of 70% of the music coming in, and four or five radio conglomerates that controlled wh at music was going out. Now all that has been broken up into millions and millions of little subcultures and niches that are serving small, existingly dedicated communities (Warila). Listeners may not necessarily pay for that one song or the one album, but if theyre intrigued enough, theyre going to take off following an artist or band.They show up at a show, buy the merchandise, or buy the next hard copy of the MP3 they just downloaded. Once an audience is there, there are all sorts of moneymaking opportunities. What seems like a long time ago, live music once felt be by records. And then later, recorded music felt threatened by recordable cassette tapes. Now record labels feel threatened by downloading, streaming and file sharing of music. Every time these technological advances came along, the people invested in the music business at the time took it as a threat to their business revenues.While record sales have decreased dramatically compared to what they once were, every te chnological advancement throughout the music industrys history has factually exponentially increased the desire for music. The alike(p) is true today as more people are audience to more music than in any other time in history (Adkins). And now it comes back to whether the downloading of digital media files, legally and illegally, are real threats to the overall music industry?The introduction of Napster and illegal downloading has helped usher in a new era of digitally accessible music define by online distribution and has therefore impacted the course the music industry must market and promote its artists. After thoroughly researching and analyzing the effects caused by digital media and the Internet, I believe it is time for the music industry to make their own advancements just as technology will continue to do so. It is futile to try and get rid of what has become of digital media and the Internet.Record labels are wasting very valuable resources and time by spending large sums of money to find and pursue people in a court of law, who are illegally downloading media, the majority of which will never be able to pay off their charges. While I hold the topmost support towards respecting the integrity of ones work, artists and record labels need to cod the illegal downloading and file sharing of their media in a grander scheme of the industry. not one specific artist or company is being singled out to lose money through illegal downloads.It is a technological advancement that has reshaped the music industry landscape and affects them as a whole. Rather than clinging to an overaged system, record labels and major media companies need to put their resources and focus into exploring all the new possibilities created by these technological advancements. By adapting to this new music industry landscape, these media labels and companies can generate new revenue streams to make up for their perceived and actual losses.To expose its artists to a wider audience and recoup revenue, the music industry has already had to develop and implement new tactics, such as digital licensing music to sites like YouTube and Pandora (Warila). The music industry will need to continue to create such ideas if it wants to grow. In regards to artists, rather than relying on media conglomerates for distribution, now they will increasingly go into business for themselves and in control of their own products. This will allow for artists to maximize their profits in a very competitive market.The idea of allowing music to be streamed and downloaded for free will only further their own growth and expand their audience base. I recommend that instead of combating the realities of the late era, congress should instead recognize that markets are increasingly changing. Technology and media will continue to grow regardless, weave around the obstacles, and find a way to succeed just as it did for digital media regarding file sharing and illegal downloads. I believe that it is time that everyone moves forward and changes with it.

Newfood Case

Newfood campaign by Adrian Sanchez The coefficient of correlation between Price and gross gross sales is large and proscribe for all three-time periods. What does this say just about how wrongs Works? The correlation coefficient shows a whole t bingle of the linear relationship between these dickens unsettleds. However, this association does not refer causation, meaning that the change in one covariant is not caused by the change of the other one in the opposite direction. Yet, the increasing invalidating value of the correlation coefficients allows us to infer from these results that when the price rises sales go forth fall.This argument is supported by the level of significance of each good example less than 0,01. Explain the correlations between advertisement and sales. What is happening to the denote payoff over time? Apparently based solely on the correlation come the advertising has a negative effect on sales over the time. However when the level of signi ficance is analyzed, it turned evident that these numbers are way greater than the (0. 001) level of significance corresponding with a 99. % confident level. Hence they are not significant and it is safe to solve that the correlation numbers between advertising and sales have no effect. Note that the inter-correlations between advertising location and prices are all zero. wherefore? This result support the experiment parameters established from the beginning, we were considering this multivariates as independents, meaning that there are no linear relationship among them, endorsing the design of the experiment.What do the relapses of sales unsettleds (Sales1, Sales2, Sales3) using P, A and L as independent covariants, imply about the effect of prices? Of advertising? Of Location? Effect of Price As we declared in the question 1 there is a strong correlation between the prince and the sales numbers. An increment in price suggests a decrease in sales. So, based on this result, w e may say that the market is price sensitive and the company should take into consideration the price variable when growing the final launch plan of the product. Significance level is below 0. 1 meaning a 99% of confidence level. Effect of Advertising collect to a high significance level, p-value higher than 0. 01 not accomplishing the 99% or charge 95% of confidence level, we may safely state that advertising has no effect on sales. Effect of Location Due to a high significance level, p-value higher than 0. 01 not accomplishing the 99% or even 95% of confidence level, we may safely state that location has no effect on sales. Rerun adding income and volume. Do your judgments about the effect of price, advertising and location change? Why?When taking into consideration Income and Volume as additional values, my judgment does not change regarding the price and location effect. However, the jar of adding these two variables in the regression sample make the advertising variable to become significant, and then having an effect in the actual outcomes of sales. In fact, only the volume variable affect the advertising significance in this case, income variable is not significant at 99% confident level. After analyzing the correlation chart, we solidized that volume & advertising are correlated (negatively).So the regression model fails to predict accurately the effect of advertising on sales. Since we have two independent variables correlated, we need to control for volume and vary the advertising variable in order to get the real effect of this last one on the final outcomes of sales. What additional regression runs if any, should be made to finish the analysis of this data? I would run the regression of the 6 months sales compiled as dependent variable and the others variables as independent (i. e. Price, advertising, location, Income, Volume).I would also pick up deeper in the interaction between al the independent variables (Price, advertising, location, income and volume). It is very serious to understand the real effect of advertising in this model, for that as aforesaid(prenominal) we need to run model in which volume is controlled in different scenarios checking the behavior on the advertising in order to measure its real effect on sales. If possible obtain an output of residuals. Check the residuals to commit observations that do not seem to fit the model. Why dont they fit?They do not fit because perfectly because the initial regression model we are using is a linear model. Is very such(prenominal) likely that the relation between the independent variable and the dependent variable change the slope as the number increase or decrease forming a curve in a YX chart. However the linear theme seem to be very appropriate aft(prenominal) looking after the shape of the data in the chart. Finally each independent variable has a different effect over the dependent variable, which makes the residuals also different, when analyse a mong each other.

Racism in America Today Essay

racialism has been a terrible caper in American society for hundreds of years. racialism issues atomic number 18 non limited to ace specific quicken, but intromit all races. It is the responsibility of the sight of this race to address racism and exact to accept and embrace each other for our differences, and allow this great nation to become even much united for our sake and the sake of futurity generations. To eliminate racism it is imperative to know first, where racism started and how it has developed, why it continues to be afford in our nation today, and what we must do as a hatful to overcome this major bother.History The Middle Passage was the administration set up as a progress to of triangular trade wind that forced millions of innocent humankinds from their homes in Africa, and forced them to become slaves as part of the Atlantic slave trade. These people were essentially traded as slaves for materials, food, supplies and so forthtera numerous of the enslaved Africans were directped to the Caribbean and the Americas. The Middle Passage route began in Europe where they leave with the manufactured goods and headed to Africa. The goods were then traded for the slaves, and then the ships set off for the Americas and Caribbean islands (Stoddard).After the profession was done on that point the ships would return defend to Europe. According to Elizabeth Mancke, and Carole Shammas creators of, The Creation of the British Atlantic World, they write, An estimated 15% of the Africans died at sea, with mortality rates considerably high in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships. The total number of African deaths in a flash attributable to the Middle Passage voyage is estimated at up to two million a broader look at African deaths directly attributable to the institution of slavery from 1500 to 1900 suggests up to four million African deaths. Historian Lisa Vox expounds on the origi n of slavery in compass north America in her article The Start of Slavery in mating America. Vox states that, Historians normally date the start of slavery in the northwestern American colonies to 1619. That year, a Dutch ship carrying African slaves docked at even out Comfort, which served as Jamestowns checkpoint for ships wanting to trade with the colonists. The crew of the Dutch ship was starving, and as John Rolfe noted in a letter to the Virginia communitys treasurer Edwin Sandys, the Dutch traded 20 African slaves for food and supplies. It was not until the early nineteenth century that this practice was banned with a level-headed penalty for those individuals that were found participating in it. Other groups of people were bear on by racism as well. When Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492, he discovered the indwelling American Indians which he referred to as savages. The Europeans deemed the indigene Americans as uneducated, uncivilized creatures, and treated them as such. Native Americans were manipulated and taken value of by the European people, and treated more like animals than human beings.This was some other historical beginning of racism in America. As America began to fanf atomic number 18 in the mid nineteenth century, many immigrants (Irish, Chinese, Norwegians, and the Italians to name a a few(prenominal)) flocked to the newfound World to seek fortune and freedom. The accumulation of many distinct cultures, beliefs, and ethnicities resulted in nicknaming the unite States as the melting pot. While they were all united in their resolve to be free and determined to live the American dream, prejudices began to form as one race considered itself superior to the others.Americans were not happy that there were others so volitioning to take low stipend for the jobs that they were scarcely available. on that point was low tolerance for different cultures and beliefs. Immigrants sought refuge and segregated the mselves from one another by forming their own communities, thus resulting in Little Italy and Chinatown etc. Prejudices dissolved somewhat with the initiation of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the unify States, along with the Bill of Rights.The Emancipation Proclamation was released in 1863 at the oddment of the Civil War how of all time, slavery was not made illegal over in the U. S. until the Thirteenth Amendment took effect in December 1865. Even though slavery was outlawed, there continued to be a strong separationism between the black-and-blues and African Americans. Although the Constitution states that all men are created play off, Latinos, Native Americans, African Americans, and other ethnicities were not receiving this kind of treatment. During the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, many groups were formed to combat this problem of inequality.Groups such as the total darkness Panthers, and the Japanese American Citizens League sought to pro test to gain equal rights. Such Civil Rights leaders like Rosa lay and Martin Luther fag Jr. participated in nonviolent protesting to fight for these rights. In Alabama Parks ref go ford to give up her seat on the bus to a white person and was arrested for it, this lead to the Montgomery Bus Boycott where African Americans refused to use the buses for almost a year, and then the state ruled that it was unconstitutional to get to segregated buses.It was through leaders and acts like the one further mentioned that take aim ended segregations and given equal rights to all Americans. Post- Racial In 2008 after(prenominal) Barack Obama was elected president, during the time leading up to his inauguration, it was said that many people heard for the first time, the term post-racial. The term post-racism represented a new era initiated by empowerting the first African-American president in office. Several people expected, believed, hoped or cute that this new presidency would misce llanea how racism was viewed and experienced in this land of the free and home of the brave.Many individuals wanted to be able to come to this country and be a part of the great opportunity that is presented in America. They wanted to embrace a country with freedom and with a democratic government. These are a few of the things that people from other countries can only hope for and dream that someday they cogency falsify the money for the documentation and be able pay for the trip over to this land of opportunity. There are many who make the trip with expectations in their heads of how wonderful it will be upon arrival to the United States.Unfortunately not all of these individuals receive a warm grateful upon entry to this country. Racism happens to every race. Depending on what race person might be, or what town or city that person may go it is very possible that they will feel that they are not wanted there. In the following example Kevin Merida, a writer for the Washington P ost, writes closely an incident in his article, Racist Incidents allot Some Obama Campaigners Pause. While run for Barack Obama in Indiana, Danielle Ross and her group experienced a horrible response that no(prenominal) of them expected.Ross recalled on that day that, The first person I encountered was like, Ill neer vote for a black person. This does not sound like racism is out of our mists. On a issue Public Radio broadcast, Rebecca Roberts interviews Ralph Eubanks author of The House at the End of the Road. Roberts asks Eubanks to define post-racial and his response is as follows, I forecast there are two popular definitions of post-racial. I think the first definition is that we are its where race is no prolonged an issue or an impediment to progress in American society.I think thats one mood that it is often defined. Another way that it is defined is that moving that post-racial means a polish-blind society where race is not an issue. We are all Americans, and w ere just completely chroma blind. So, there are issues with both of those definitions, and where were actually moving is somewhere in between those. For a majority of Americans, this is the goal that is in the back of their minds. Every man is created equal everyone has the same rights, and is not judged by the color of skin they were born with.This great nation has taken steps in that direction. America is not the same place as it was in the 1950s. Members of nonage groups are not invisible like they were back then. Eubanks negotiation more rough how he does not think that there will ever be a post-racial society because of our demographics. He believes that a post-racial society is something to unceasingly hope for, and strive towards, but pictures a multi-racial society with many different components to it. And a lot of that depends on, over the next 20 years, where our demographics take us (Roberts).Striving towards the ideal of having a color blind society will not come to by by evading the issue. Stopping racism When the proposition of racism comes up many may think, Oh no, here we go again, someone else complaining about racism. Or, why do we have to talk about this? Isnt it time we moved on? This may be a very uncomfortable the topic for countless American, but this is a confabulation that needs to happen and continue to happen until this problem ceases to exists. It wont disappear just because we choose not to mention it.Tim Wise, writer for timwise.org, talks about the problem of racism here in America in his article Denial, Evasion wont Solve Racism. Wise says that, Indeed, the problem is not talking about racism but racism itself depraved to popular belief, race is not merely a card compete by those who wish to stir up resentment. Instead it is a historical and persistent determiner of who has what and why in this country. Nobody can assistant what family they are born into, or what color their skin might be. flavor at the issue of r ace from a spiritual stand point, we are all sons and daughters of a loving Heavenly Father.Why would one human being think less of the other? The golden rule says that we do unto others like you would want them to do unto you. These are simple solutions to a jumbo problem. Like mentioned earlier, many are tired of hearing about these things, but however tired many are of hearing about this, people of color are more sick and tired of living it. inference To eliminate racism it is imperative to know first, where racism started and how it has progressed so that mistakes from the past can be avoided.By understanding why it continues to be present in our nation today, one can understand that there are significant changes that need to take place in order for this problem to be overcome. In concurrence with Wise, until whites join with our black and brown brothers and sisters to put an end to the kind of racial inequity described above, well continue to be confronted with the uneasy con versations, as well we should be. It will take courage, consistency, and time just as it has already, but we are making progress and in callable time this nation will become all that our founding fathers stargaze it would be.Works Cited Mancke, Elizabeth and Shammas, Carole. The Creation of the British Atlantic World. 2005, page 30-1. Merida, Kevin. Racist Incidents Give Some Obama Campaigners Pause. Washingtonpost. com. Web. 13 May 2008. Roberts, Rebecca. The Post-Racial Conversation, One Year In. Interview with Ralph Eubanks. National Public Radio 2010. Print. Stoddard, B. , Murphy, D. Ph. D. The Issue of Slavery. Netplaces. com. Web. 25 April 2012 Wise, Tim. Denial, Evasion Wont Solve Racism. Lexington Herald-Leader. 10 Nov. 2003.

Animation

inquiry Hameed Khan Topic Animation A way of introducing literary productions and object less(prenominal)on determine to children at adolescence by comparing William Shakespe atomic number 18s crossroads and The lion fagot Animation Long Term Paper on Preparing a Research Proposal Title Animation A way of introducing literature and moral set to children at adolescence by comparing William Shakespe atomic number 18s village and The social lion male monarch Animation . There is no doubt that todays entertainment has lost well-nigh of its touch with the more than kinical influences of its predecessors.However, in mid-1994, Walt Disney Pictures released what could arguably be the best animated feature of on the whole m in The king of beasts mogul. With a moral base unlike most of the motion-picture shows released at the clip, The king of beasts nance placed a childrens facade on a rattling serious story of responsibility and r heretoforege. However, this theme is superstar of the oldest in history, and it is non the least app argonnt in wholeness of the oldest consorts of literature by The Bard himself, William Shakespeargon.The be bring forth that Disneys The lion fagot par onlyels is nvirtuoso former(a) than crossroads Prince of Denmark and the contain shadows this work so closely, that par totallyels amidst the primary(prenominal) eccentrics themselves ar wildly app bent. This very close comparison has led critics to comp are the motion picture to village in the impressiveness of its themes. But with a closer control of the constituents themselves do we get word on the dot how apparent these similarities are.The picture addresses in iodine way or a nonher all of the of the essence(predicate) contemporary dilemmas bravery, responsibility, vulnerability, preparedness, stewardship, faith, science, the importance of history, family and the environment. In these days of personal uncertainty and political cynicism, The Lio n King provides clear moral guidance wrapped up in an socialise and wholesome shell. Introduction In The Lion King, the intent of the two-year-old prince whose vex is murdered is played by a cub named Simba, whose naivety procures him more than his fair share of hardships and troubles.By the acts in the story al hotshot, one justt joint put by dint of that Simba is a direct representation of Shakespeares village Jr. , provided non lone(prenominal) that, each of them shares similar body processs in the play. Interpretations if Simbas actions are as ponderous as Hamlets, particularly of why Hamlet look intoed in autocratic vengeance for his fathers death (Harrison 236). twain Simba and Hamlet Jr. delay their action of retribution for their individual fathers deaths. The loss of their paternal companion provides Hamlet imcredibly melancholy and Simba without a royal teacher and father during his tender years. from each one of them runs from their responsibility, al though intimate themselves they k promptly what essential be done Hamlet renders to validate his suspicions succession Simba hides from his ultimo. However, some necessitate attempted to theorize that Hamlets delay is due to his psychic instability, his madness over the death of his father. Eliot refutes this, calling the characterization a unproblematic r design, and to the end, we whitethorn assume, beneathstood as a ruse to the audience .Simba exhibits this homogeneous fashion, venting his feelings in mournful retaliation against responsibility, most notably when his childhood friend Nala attempts to persuade him to harvesting to the felicitate Lands. This delay between our characters adds a more haunting effect between the two works. Its surprising that todays audiences seat be so excised by themes that were first implemented in literature almost four hundred years before. Similarly, the characters of Hamlet sr. and Mufasa bear a striking resemblance to one anot her(prenominal), not only in their actions, but their meanings as well.Hamlet Sr. , the erst dapple king of Denmark, govern his kingdom in peace and prosperity, evident in the conversations in crook I, Scene I between Marcellus and Horatio about the creations of implements of war in Denmark under the new king, Claudius. Mufasa, too, ruled peace abundanty over the hook Lands, only curse about his son and his responsibilities. But, after their deaths, they each become more than the kings they once were. They become the heralds for their sons, compelling them to avenge their deaths and take responsibility for what their uncles have done. Each deceased king pproaches his son in the same way via an shade that gives a direct, if not opaque, monologue driving their princes to action and each stalk leaves the interpretation of their sums open to their sons. Neither Hamlet Sr. nor Mufasa tell their reckonive sons directly to destroy their murderers, although Hamlet Sr. does name the perpetrator directly, it is Hamlet that decides that action must be taken. It is this direct allusion of one major character with an integral part in advancing the work to another that helps change integrity Shakespeares influence as a writer of big(p) literature.But it isnt just the protagonists that extend to to one another the villains in twain The Lion King and Hamlet foundation be directly and similarly compared to one another. Both prick, from The Lion King and Claudius, from Hamlet, are brothers of the king, murder their sibling to usurp the throne, and take their brothers wife as their queen (There is no direct trial impression of this conjecture for fool, but since scratching calls upon Sarabi, the former mate of King Mufasa, in The Lion King to report on the status of the conceit Lands, it stands to reason that she is Queen of ostentation rock candy. . It is not so much the characterizations of the characters in this instance than the actions that provide proof of how Shakespearean literature draw outs writers today. Claudius, at first, appears satisfied by his deeds, enjoying the manner of a king, parading around to view his belongings, wedding his have brothers wife, and holding banquets in his testify honor, all the while preparing for war with a neighboring Scandinavian country.Scar revels in his ill-gotten spoils as well, allowing his hyannic henchmen to hunt the pridefulness Lands to practical defoliation while he reclines in the prides weaken, tormenting his majordomo Zazu and eating more than his fair share of the kills. Scar, like Claudius, grossly exploits his new-found index and drives his kingdom into war. But here is where the similarity begins to diverge. In Hamlet, we get a line Claudius repenting for his sins against his brother, repealing the fact that he committed that heinous deed and begging pardon from his Lord.Scar, on the other hand, never once doubts his actions, and goes with them to their final conclusion . Scar flat goes as farthermost as to taunt the prince, Simba, has he hangs of the precipice of Pride Rock And now heres my little secret. I killed Mufasa One could argue that the act of confessing to the crimes is an supererogatory parallel between the characters, but their motives for doing so are not alike. Claudius is do an attempt to repent for the sin cast upon his soul, while Scar is bawdily declaring his cleverness over his kind-hearted yet naive brother.With the major characters in both works aside, the similarities between secondary characters in The Lion King and Hamlet are still quite striking. The insight of one work in another is so deep that The Lion King goes as far to allude Hamlets Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with Timon and Pumbaa. A comparison here, if not the sterling(prenominal) comparison, is the fact that both pairs of characters in both works are provided as relief from the briny focus of the stories.Timon and Pumbaa provide a welcome resort from his responsibilities and hauntings of his past by introducing him to the raffish life of Hakuna Matata, while Rosencrantz and Guildenstern allow the audience to know that Prince Hamlet does enjoy a life away(p) of the royal house, mingling with coadjutor scholars-to-be and friends. However, Hamlets friends are charged by his nemesis, Claudius, to buzz off Hamlet before the King on numerous occasions. There is no direct evidence that Timon and Pumbaa are in the employment of Scar, nevertheless, the sidekick pair in The Lion King provide a very similar function, whether they realize it or not.Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are a constant re headlander to Hamlet about the revenge that must be exacted upon Claudius by beingnessness messengers to the mournful prince whenever Claudius needs them to be. By mend Hamlet and announcing that the king wishes to have court with him, they play an authorised map in the foreward progress of the play, and the pop outward spiral of Hamlets sadne ss. Timon and Pumbaa, similarly, at one time attempt to procure their leonine friends past from his memory. Simba falters, at first, his carefree life shattered by the memories of what brought him to the jungle in the first place.But when he in conclusion gives in and tells them when his own father entrusted him too, Timon and Pumbaa laugh uproariously, disbelieving what they hear. But it is this continue of Simbas memory at the prodding of Timon and Pumbaa that moves the story onward, and brings Simbas melancholy back to him. And when the past finally becomes fully clear to Timon and Pumbaa with the arrival of the lioness Nala, they not only attempt to bring Simba to his senses in their own blunt, of not comical, way, they attempt to confront him and obligate him see his past.They fail in this, but they still bring to Simbas mind the events in his childhood, and the pain that it brought to him. Although Timon and Pumbaa had no intention of doing so, they performed the same act of reminding the main character of their responsibility to their father, and to their kingdoms that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern did to Hamlet Jr. Another secondary character to the protagonist and antagonist are the respective queens of each work, Sarabi from The Lion King and Gertrude from Hamlet Prince of Denmark.Each of them are salutaryly complete mirror images of one another, each having the same place in the social hierarchy, impact amounts of index number over their kingdoms, and emotional ties to the main protagonists of the stories. Sarabi is the Queen of Pride Rock, leader of the lionesses since the manage of King Mufasa. Although she is not the reason Scar usurped the throne from his brother, it is a near certainty that she has stayed on as Queen because she is quite adept at her duties. Gertrude, likewise, is adept at her duties as well, although they take on a quite different task than Sarabi.She is mainly for show, for Claudius to own and adorn with his newly gott en wealth. Both Sarabi and Gertrude are Queens, but both show little or no power over their put ins. Sarabi is to the highest degree killed by Scar when she dares to inquiry one of his decisions, which shows the place of the lionesses in the pride pawns in Scars quest for power. Any excursion from being simple huntresses results in pain, and perhaps death at the paws of Scar and his multitude of hyenas. Gertrude, too, never appears to request everyone, although she certainly has the capacity to do so.She instead plays the weakened queen, doing as her husband bids her and plaintively bending to Claudiuss entrust. But even though these similarities are surprisingly close for non-primary characters, it is their emotional connection to their sons that spurns the stories along. Gertrudes espousals to Claudius enrages Hamlet to no end, driving him more and more out of his delay to act upon his fathers death. It is her willinging stopfulness of her former husband that pushes Haml et to the brink, their emotional bail bond that pains them both to ends that he must act on, and she tries profoundly to hide.Sarabi, too, has such an effect on her son Simba. When Nala finds Simba, and realizes that he is not dead, as Scar had said, she is enthralled and wonders aloud about the feelings of his mother. This has a noticeable affect on Simba. He recoils, the responsibility that he believes is his is once again thrust upon him, and the purview of his mothers feelings towards his past deeds sends him further into sadness, furthering the story. And when Simba does return to Pride Rock, he is angry when he sees how Scar is treating his mother, just as Hamlet is enraged at how Claudius treats his mother as well.In a way, it is the queen in each work that adds to the deep melancholy of the main characters and drives them to action. This characterization both reflects and shapes our cultural disposition about contemporary social and political change, dissertation for cefully to the question of who should hold power and how people should acquire it. The movie reinforces hierarchy, especially primogeniture, in nearly all of its 26 scenes, either finished what the characters say, how they are displayed, or both.The message presented at every turn is that we are better take away with our traditional leadershiphip, that those individuals are both wise and benevolent, protecting the health and benefit of all members of the group, even the most vulnerable. At the same time, the movie attacks those outside the traditional group of leaders who rise to power illegitimately, showing us how they are inherently unfit to hold positions of authority and can bring disaster down upon all of us.The Lion King, even though it is an American movie, does not promote what we might have come to think of as American values, those which nourish meritocracy and democracy. Finally, the movie reinforces the submissive and passive role of the citizen. At a time when we might consider democracy to be challenged, The Lion King doesnt build a strong case for inclusion, diversity and broader political participation. In fact, it does just the opposite, rivalry essentially from an aristocratic position for the return to old-fashioned values and maintenance of the status quo.Purpose of Study The main agendum behind doing this query is to highlight the fact that new-made entertainment media is a very powerful source to teach literature and moral values to students when they are at a turning point in life. The time when they learn what life is all about. Although much of modern entertainment may look like new entertainment on the surface, if we probe deeply comely, we can find connections to some of the greatest literature of all time.Shakespeare is probably one of the most influential writers of all time, if not all time, and his greatest works, not special to Hamlet Prince of Denmark, are the infrastructure of umteen stories compose today. His plays are continuously redone and reperformed, his sonnets quoted in many a song and story, his histories the basis of many school lessons, and his influences are more than profound in many cases, and in the case of The Lion King, those influences are the basis of the story, not only of the main protagonist and antagonist, but of secondary characters as well.All these Dramas, Poetry and Stories do impart Value education to children in many ways. I intend to look into on to what extent does entertainment is of any use in teaching literature to students looking forward to take literature as a subject for specialization and of be any use to stay fresh the moral values of these students intact? Review of Literature There has been research on comparison between literature and Animation earlier. But my research mainly deals with the mover that had been left untouched yet, that both Hamlet and The Lion King show similarities in darn and characterization.The cinematic adaptation praye rs to the children as well as the adults. Whereas Hamlet only circles around literature students. Doing a complete outline of the film adaptation gives us a circumstantial structure of what amount of principles and beliefs that influence the behavior and way of life of the early generation can be extracted from this modern media of value education through entertainment and detailed knowledge of how literature can be imagination to students at pre-graduation level. * Hierarchy and LegitimacyScene 1 of the movie depicts all the animals on the African savannah gathering to pay tribute to the new heir, Simba. The lyrics of The Circle of emotional state present life as overwhelming, explaining why we need our traditional leaders Theres more to see than can ever be seen/More to do than can ever be done. . . . /Its the Circle of Life/And it moves us all/Through despair and hope/Through faith and lamb/ bank we find our place/On the path unwinding. One by one, the lively characters a re introduced and their places are identified. Mufasa, the ajestic patriarch, watches from the point of Pride Rock while his devoted subjects gather below for the presentation of his new-born son. Zazu, the horn-bill, appears first and clarifies his role, first as the most-loyal subject by relegateing low, and then as Mufasas trusted advisor, allowing him unusual familiarity with the king, although he always refers to him as sire. While the assembled zebras part and bow down, making a path for Rafiki, the old shaman, he is embraced by Mufasa, treated with the deference and respect usually accorded a societys senior priests.His first action is to anoint the young Simba, to validate him as the heir apparent, and to present him to the crowd assembled below. As in many of the scenes in The Lion King, the music and visuals carry messages as important as the dialogue. In this first scene, for example, in that location is no conversation. Instead the message of class difference is con veyed through the different levels on which characters appear. Throughout the movie, those with power appear in a higher place those who are powerless for example, the most powerful characters are usually up on ledges, and those who are vulnerable are down on the valley floor.Mufasa gazes down upon the mass of animals gathering below him Pride Rock, his throne, is the highest point in the Pride Lands. Camera angle as well tells us about power relationships, close-up for those in power, panoramas and long shots for the mass of undifferentiated animals who have no status. The change in the complexity of the musical arrangement, the drop from a full orchestral arrangement, in which there is little differentiation between instruments, to a instrumental solo as the scene moves from the group of subjects to the mavin important character, identifies to whom we should shift our attention.In this first scene, lest the youngest among us miss all these clues, Simba is highlighted by a sunbe am as Rafiki holds him up before the mass of animals, who then, cued by this natural sign of individuation, howl and stamp their feet in approval and bow down in a mass display of obeisance. The problems of hierarchy, legitimacy, and power are explored in Scene 2 in which Scar is introduced. His first line, and ironically the first piece of dialogue, may be thought of as a basic premise of the movie Lifes not fair, is it? (Much of what currently upsets conservatives are attempts to strike social, political and economic fairness by such legislative message as affirmative action, guaranteed health insurance, easier voter registration, the minimum wage, and a boniface of additional government regulations. ) The scene explores the sources of unfairness differences in physical sizing or strength, differences in lineage or position, and differences in cleverness or intelligence. Obviously, the mouse is vulnerable in this scene because he is small, but he is deliver by a Zazu whose pow er derives initially from his ability to derange Scar.When Zazu is threatened in turn, he is rescued by Mufasa, who just orders Scar to drop the bird. Mufasas authority comes from his position as king, which Scar questions by not attending Simbas presentation, but his power comes, according to Scar, from Brute Strength. Scars power, by his own admission, derives from his brains. nigh critics have argued that Scars emphasis, tone of voice, appearance, movement and word choice (curtsy, shoal end of the gene pool) suggest that he is homosexual, and that his role as supreme villain attests to powerful strains of homophobia in our cultural consciousness.Those who have centre on these features of his characterization point out that Scar rises to power through unnatural means, including deceit and fratricide, and that his administration results in the near-destruction of the Pride Lands and the potential extermination or exile of all the animals. They also point to Zazus sympathetic gabfest to Mufasa that theres one in every family, and lambaste his (albeit mocking) suggestion that Scar be reduced to a useless ornament (a handsome piddle rug) which would permit Mufasa to take him out and beat him . . . henever he gets dirty. Some viewers have argued that this interpretation resides in the eye of the beholder and not in the movie, but cultural critics would point out that texts reflect as well as shape our cultural consciousness and can invoke an audience as well as address one already identified. Adding another dimension to the question of legitimacy, it is curious that although they are brothers, Mufasa speaks with an American accent and Scars is clear identifiable as British (hence illegitimate or abroad in contemporary American society). The Role of temper Scene 3 follows to remind us that Simba is the legitimate heir by virtue of his class and lineage, that he has been presented to his subjects and then anointed in a public ceremony, with the event n ow recorded for posterity in a cave painting (the movies variant of a public record or historical document). What follows (in Scene 4) is another argument for hierarchy and patriarchy, this time derived from nature.In this father-son encounter (Sarabi recedes into the background here women clearly are secondary yet numerous, generally unnamed, and lacking influence in this culture), Mufasa explains how what they own is defined and measured by natural processes (Everything the light touches is our kingdom. A kings time as ruler rises and falls like the sun. ). Just as we can infer from Scene 2 that illegitimate power is unnatural, so we learn here that legitimate power is organic, harmonious, predictable and regular, attuned with the natural order of birth and death and based on respect for all species.The succession, to give-up the ghost in some distant future, is already determined, and in this father-son colloquy, Mufasa emphasizes the orderliness of it all. The movie receives use of our cultural knowledge of nature. There are numerous references to being higher or lower on the nourishment chain, and selection of animals and their characterizations make use of the actual qualities of the animals. The warthog, for example, is an ugly African pig that usually travels in small family groups (much like the trio of Pumbaa, Timon and Simba). They are indiscriminate eaters and often use the burrows created by other animals.Hyenas, in addition to having a weird howl, are scavengers, feeding on the carrion left behind by other animals. steady the weather in this movie reflects what is going on in the fleck clouds stream across the sky when conflict threatens, the winds of change blow when the plot turns, and the sunrises and sunsets flash by in rapid succession to signal the passing game of time. The movie also depends on our knowledge of human victimisation, especially the behavior of the young. The jaunty I Just Cant Wait to Be King (Scene 7) shows just ho w immature and incomplete the young Simbas understanding of the responsibilities of leadership is.To him, preparation for kingship is control to brushing up on looking down and working on his ROAR, and the primary benefits of the job are being able to ignore orders from others, being free to run around all day and do it all his way. Coupled with Hakuna Matata (Scene 14), another bouncy carpe diem number that emphasizes just how alienated from work and his adult responsibilities Simba has become as he drifts around the African plains with Pumbaa and Timon, we can see how unsuited Simba is for the role of king.Even Nala recognizes (in Scene 20) that the older Simba is somehow less mature than she expected he would be, and yet she falls in love with him anyway, restoring the perfect harmony alluded to in the lovely ballad, Can You Feel the fill out Tonight? While a psychological interpretation of the movie would move through these scenes, showing how Simba eventually comes to take his leadership responsibilities more seriously, a cultural analysis finds them more problematic, for these are the songs we hum as we leave the theater and the lyrics we sing under our breath without thinking about the values they promote.The context may be ironic in the movie, but we forget that quickly enough. * The Importance of Borders In Scene 4, Mufasa carefully explains to his son that there is land beyond their authority, an area to the north that Simba calls the shadowy place, and one role of the king is to make sure the borders are not breached. The Pride Lands are economically healthy and ecologically sound in part because the scavenging hyenas (those slobbering, mangy, goosey poachers) are excluded, relegated to the colorless Elephant Graveyard where there is neither sufficient food nor water to sustain them.When they take over the Pride Lands in union with Scar, they destroy the balance of nature and the land withers their presence nearly destroys the entire society. Some critics have suggested that selecting Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, and Jim Cummings as the voices of Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed, the three speaking hyenas, reflects a variety of racist and ethnic biases Mark Leeper notes, Outwardly the film has a love of African rhythms and language and yearns for a united valet de chambreeveryone but hyenas united.But the core is just a bit ugly and scary. The Pride Lands has, in effect, its own Proposition. While its borders are not impermeable, the hyenas are prevented from any role but that of scavenger. Perhaps Scene 10 (Be Prepared) presents the most troubling picture of the hyenas and their pact with Scar. Set in the hyena cave where it is dark and gray, the scene opens with Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed licking their wounds (both figuratively and literally) after Mufasa has maintaind Simba from their clutches in the Elephant Graveyard.They clearly are out of control Ed is laughing hysterically and chewing on his own back leg, un witting that it is his own, and Banzai and Shenzi are castigating lions in general and boosting their own morale in the process. They are momentarily startled when Scar appears, but unlike Mufasa, he presents no threat to them because he has no real power. Indeed, during this scene he reveals to the hyenas and to the viewers his general plan to kill Mufasa and Simba and assume the throne himself. The songs refrain Be Prepared ironically echoes the Boy Scout motto as hundreds of hyenas, tattle in tight, crisp phrasing and enunciation, goose-step past in tight soldiers formation, fires casting their eerie shadows against the walls of the cave and a crescent moon (looking at first like a hammer and sickle) appearing high above the cavern walls. Obviously Scar views the hyenas as thick, crude and unspeakably plain, with subscript powers of retention and vacant expressions, yet he promises them that if they support him in his efforts to wrest power from Mufasa, they will never go hungry again. Sca r has contempt for his accomplices, even while he enlists their aid. Contrasting these miscreants with the wise, patient patriarch lots the deck. * Religion Not surprisingly, The Lion King makes use of many phantasmal images and echoes, affirming faith and folklore while rejecting science. Beginning with the baptism of Simba in the opening scene, the movie is full of familiar rituals. In Scene 9, for example, just after Mufasa has chastised Simba for disobeying him, he explains the brain-teaser of the stars to his son The great kings of the past look down on us from those stars. . . Just remember that those kings will always be there to lookout you. And so will I. Indeed, Simba repeats this explanation to Timon and Pumbaa at the end of Scene 16 (although Timon translates it into You mean a bunch of royal dead guys are watch us? and dismisses Simbas explanation in favor of his own, that the stars are fireflies stuck up on that big bluish-black thing. ), although he is trouble d by the memories of his fathers promise. After Nala finds Simba and urges him to return to save the Pride from sure destruction, Simba bitterly addresses the stars and his father, You said youd always be there for me. This crisis of faith, in Scene 20, continues until Rafiki forces him to look in the pool where he sees the face of Mufasa emerge from the clouds. Mufasa says sadly, Simba. You have forgotten me. When Simba cries that he is not who he apply to be, Mufasa admonishes him, You are my son, the true king. Finally, after Simba vanquishes Scar and the Pride Lands are consumed by fire and then cleansed by the rains, Mufasa appears again in the heavens with a single word, commend. In fact, Simba has become the savior, restoring the Pride Lands and saving the lives of the animals. Even Christianity seems to support the restoration of The Circle of Life. * Conclusion Of course, this is not the way an allegory of the modern egalitarian and inclusive society should conclude. T he story should end, as Scar implies it will in Scene 12, with the lions and hyenas coming together in a great and glorious future, one in which everyone has enough to eat, a role to play, and an equal say in the governance of the Pride.In the new society, the border between the Pride Lands and the Elephant Graveyard would disappear, the hyenas would be transformed into productive members of a global society, alter their efforts in promoting the welfare of the whole group, and Scar would learn how to be a wise leader, making sure that no one was taxed beyond his or her ability or left needy. Future leaders would emerge from the Pride based on merit, not birth. Some readers will object to this analysis, arguing that The Lion King is a childrens movie after all and shouldnt be interpreted as speaking to adult issues.But what is a childrens movie, if not one that transmits the dominant values of the culture to young children in an entertaining manner, while at the same time confirming those values for adults. This movie addresses an important social issue that affects children, in their schools, churches, parks and neighborhoods. Unfortunately, it suggests that excluding people because their appearance or their heritage or their habits differ from those of the people in power is an acceptable social and political policy, one supported by tradition, history, and religion.The Lion King sugar-coats a bitter and powerful message about patriarchy, legitimacy and hierarchy. supposal On the basis of this detailed analysis, my hypothesis is that The Lion King is a shadowed representation of Hamlet, taking what is presentable to the young minds but enough to interest students into literature. The conclusion I drew out of it is that entertainment is not mere enjoyment but a very powerful and powerful media to spread the teachings of literature among the young minds of future. MethodologyMy research method will include a detailed study of Hamlet text and the movie from every angle related to literature and its appeal to the audience, especially the founding father level students of arts and literature. I will also concern this factor with the respective experts of both fields Literature and Cinema. Research Limitations This study is limited by the study of a single literary text and a movie that resembles the similar plot, characters and moral values. A similar significant phenomenon can be observed in other works too but to study the comparison and representation in detail they have been excluded.Significance As previously given this study will help the future development of literature learning and widen the scope of limited medium of learning. The study is limited to only a single comparison so as to keep the study in detailed spectrum. Tentative Chapterization 1. Introduction 2. similitude between Plot and Characters Tentative plan The Lion King, though very much based on Hamlet, has many different elements that we can make comparisons with S hakespeares work. It begins with the birth of Simba, the young cub of the King, Mufasa. This introduces the importance of the natural cycle.As Mufasa says, We are all connected in the great Circle of Life. The death of one King leads to the rise of another. This is also what happens in Hamlet. Simba is born to be the heritor of the King and he cannot deny his destined role. As a carefree cub, Simba just cant wait to be king, his attitude is quite different from Hamlet, who is also carefree in the beginning of the story, but does not want to be King. Similar to the plot in Hamlet, Mufasas spirit appears to Simba, and reminds him of his duty, and repeatedly tells Simba to Remember him when Simba runs away after thinking that he had caused the death of Mufasa.This is similar as in Hamlet, the Ghost of old Hamlet appears to him and asks his son to take revenge on Claudius. Also there is comparison between secondary characters. 3. small study of The Themes in the movie * Hierarchy and Legitimacy * The Role of Nature * The Importance of Borders 4. Influence of entertainment on Literature learners. Tentative cast A detailed study about how entertainment industry has influenced the younger generations and how it can help to expand the scope of learners of literature around the world. 5. CriticizingThere have been arguments that this kind of cultural analysis in fact, any close analysis at all ruins the entertainment value of the movie, forcing us to confront all kinds of unpleasant truths when we are expecting merely to be entertained. Granted that I see more layers of meaning every time I view the movie or listen to the music or read the script, but I still find the musical score stirring, the animations fanciful, and the antics of Timon and Pumbaa engaging. Just because we become aware of the multiple levels of meaning doesnt mean that we have to deny the aesthetic appeal of this creation.Bibliography Shakespeare, William. Hamlet The bracing Variorum Edition. 2 vols. 1877. Ed. Horace Howard Furness. New York Dover Publications, 2000. Shaw, George Bernard. Shakespeare A Standard Text. Times Literary Supplement. 18 Mar. 1921. rpt. in Shaw on Theatre. Ed. E. J. West. New York Hill and Wang, 1958. Rowse, A. L. , ed. Hamlet. 1978. By William Shakespeare. The Annotated Shakespeare. New York Greenwich nominate, Crown Publishers, Inc. , 1988. Harrison, G. B, ed. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Major British Writers.Harcourt, Brace, & World, Inc. New York, 1959. Adams, Joseph Quincy. A Life of William Shakespeare. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1923. Asimov, Isaac. Asimovs Guide to Shakespeare. 2 vols. New Jersey Random House Value Publishing, Inc. , 1970. Eliot, T. S. Hamlet. Elizabethan Essays. Haskell House New York, 1964. Brandes, Georg. The Classic Tendency of the Tragedy. William Shakespeare, A Critical Study. 1898. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co 1963. Taymor, Julie. The Lion King Pride Rock on Broadway. Hyperion New Yor k, 1997.

Freud and Erikson

This first motif is going to be virtually a case study on a 7 year old kid named Gary. Gary is wheelchair bound and has knock-down(a) Dystrophy and has been home-schooled until now. He seemed to be doing fine in school, but he has been shout out after school and non wanting to go monday mornings. We give up to try and figure out why Gary is feeling this way. I forget be using and comparing Eriksons Psychological surmise and Maslows power structure of Needs to analyze why the case study subject competency be acting this way.Eriksons Psychological speculation is based rough Freudss Stages of Development, but with further microscope stages and not always based nearly sex and aggression like Freud uses. Eriksons Theory contains eight stages institutionalize v. mistrust (birth to two years of age), autonomy v. confound/ doubt (two to four years), initiative v. guilt (four to six years), industry v. inferiority/ diffusion (six to twelve years), identity v. identity confusi on (adolescence), intimacy v. isolation (young adulthood), generatively v. tagnation (middle adulthood), and ego fairness v. despair (late adulthood to death).The first four stages match up evenhandedly well with Freuds Theorys stages, with an additional four stages close to adulthood at the end. Two big things about Eriksons Theory is that success builds on previous stages and that failure is cumulative (Morrison, lecture, 2011). I cease apply Eriksons Theory to the case study with Gary in a couple of ways. The first observation I mint make is that Gary is his leakage the bed problem.If he hasnt done it in years, why is he doing it now? Gary has probably failed to succeed in the autonomy v. shame stage of development. It doesnt say how long Gary has been in a wheelchair, but my depend is quite awhile. Even if it was after his toilet training years, he had to re-learn how to go by himself-importance when he was given a wheelchair. This might bugger off departed smoothly whe n he was at home with the help of his loving and adjuvant parents, but he probably doesnt trust in teachers or aids to help him if he needs it.He feels ashamed of himself for not being able to go flawlessly like at home, and these feelings of shame are causing other problems in school also. This GREATLY affects his self prize levels and disturbs the rest of his school life. Another angle of looking at Garys problems is he isnt succeeding in the industry v. inferiority stage. This stage is about learning in school and communicating and is a very social stage (Morrison, lecture, 2011).SInce Gary is in a wheelchair, he movet participate in regular activities in P.E. classes. He has to reach adaptive P. E. based on him not being able to walk. notice the other kids playing on the basketball courts and playing football and blockade leaves him feeling left out. He isnt building skills for a teamwork prospect like everybody else. He feels left out of the fun and probably puts himself pooh-pooh than the rest of his peers. This would greatly hurt his self- heed and competence. This could be an explanation for him crying after school and just not wanting to go sunlight nights.Although Eriksons Psychological Theory faecal matter explain Garys problems in terms of missed of problems in developmental stages, Maslow can explain them more(prenominal) generically with his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslows Hierarchy of needs has five stages, beginning with the most primitive working towards more finite biological and physiological needs (food, water, shelter, warmth), safety needs (protection and security), belonging and love needs (family, affection, relationships), esteem needs (achievement, status, responsibility), and self- actualization (personal growth) (Morrison, lecture, 2011).Using Maslows hierarchy of needs, I can analyze Gary and determine that it seems as if Gary isnt fulfilling his esteem needs. He seems to have a low self esteem and a low sense of accompli shment. This is probably because he cant do the same P. E. activities as the rest of the kids. Just being around a divvy up of kids that can walk and do things he cant is probably the master(prenominal) reason for his sadness and not wanting to go to school. When he was at home all day, he had his parents to comfort him if he ever had questions about other kids.His parents might have actually over protected him, as in Gary wasnt prepared to go to public school because his parents furnish him from the truth of the real world and wasnt ready for it. Since Gary is having trouble with his esteem needs, he cannot feel accomplished and move on to his self- actualization needs. He cant grow as a person until the dismay level needs are met. There are a lot of theories that people can use when analyzing peoples problems.But looking at Garys problems, Eriksons Psychological Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs were the ones I felt like could explain why Gary is having problems the best. Not every hypothesis is applicable to every situation. These two theories made sense to me and I think explained his problems the best out of all of the theories we have looked at in class. amidst the two I used, I believe Eriksons Psychological Theory explains it better than Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, but they both have or so good points in this case study.

Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov: two novels in one

pro and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov is probably the most famous and the most unusual figment constantly created in the USSR. Bulgakov artistic totallyy investigated the theme of epic struggle of good and poisonous relating scriptural all the samets to the realities of Moscow in the mid-thirties, having demonstrated that people have non c areend in the last both thousand of years further that unless the housing problem has corrupted them1.The narrative of dominate and Margarita is pretty sophisticated, including at least three plot lines adventures of Woland and his suit in Moscow, story of Master and Margarita themselves, both taking place in Moscow, and a tale of Yeshua Ha-Nozri a m force outicant prophet before Pontius Pilate and an obvious allegory of delivery boy Christ. This publisher aims to investigate ties between modern and biblical events in the Master and Margarita and hand over how Bulgakov mateed biblical char presenters and events with his contemporari es.Bulgakovs mission in Master and Margarita was more than alter because he devoted his novel to such sempiternal topics as sack out and fear, good and evil, God and Satan. He obviously demonstrated that those topics atomic number 18 timeless, for Master is interested in the same questions as Pilate was 1900 years before. At the arrest of the novel Moscow and capital of Israel seem to be united in a metaphysical oneness, and two plots turn out to be one. Jerusalem in the case symbolizes immortal ever-being world and Moscow is the world of the earth. At that Woland acts as a figure which ties the worlds, for he was on Pontius Pilates balcony, and in the tend when he talked with Kaifa, and on the platform, only secretly, incognito2 and then visited Moscow and talked to Master. It is big(p) to believe, that Woland is a real Satan, he rather looks like exactly reference of that power which eternally wills evil and eternally works good.The story opens by a discussion at Patriarchs Ponds and nonhing unreal fleets at the beginning, except for s strange presentiment of Berlioz. In order to continue his narration, Bulgakov inevitable to introduce the reader into fantastic multi-world reality. He accepts that the reader is so agnostic about existence of God and Satan, that Woland expects to notice an atheist in all(prenominal) window. In this scene Bulgakov puts the words into the mouths of Woland Bear in mind that rescuer did exist3. Woland says this to Berlioz, but it is Bulgakov who says to the reader bear in mind that deliverer did exist.After that Bulgakovs story of Jesus is perceived by the reader as actual, and the biblical world is easily connected with earthly world. Moreover, the existence of the miraculous reality is proved even by its fiercest enemies Berlioz and Ivanushka. The latter has blamed Jesus so desperately, his Jesus came out, well, completely alive, the once-existing Jesus, though, true, a Jesus furnished with all negative features4 . Berlioz tells Ivanushka that the rhyme has to be rewritten, but it is then rewritten not by Ivanushka but by Woland. So, concludes Bulgakov, whatever we mean about Jesus in this biography, divine reality will remain unchanged.In order to stress the biblical chapters and keep the style unified Bulgakov showed Jerusalem as a hallucination of Woland or a dream of Ivanushka or a story told by Master or read by Margarita. His tone changes from satiric or sympathetic to unimpassioned speech in the evangelical passages. In contrast, when Bulgakov turns guts to Moscow, his characters are no longer legendary and obtain everyday features. then he achieves to basic aims inseparably integrates biblical chapters into the novel and creates an illusion of parallel between the two worlds.Events are separated almost by two thousand years of time, but analogies are easy to trace. Both stories happen in May in the days before Easter, both in the mid-thirties of I and XX century AD. The weather and temporary changes are almost same. And surely the crowd is the same, whether it is a crowd which gathers to stare at Yeshuas execution or a crowd in the vaudeville house.The tale of both worlds ends with the same conclusive phrase the cruel fifth part procurator of Judea, the equestrian Pontius Pilate5, and so Bulgakov shows that the outcome of the novel is justification and apprehension of truth. When Pilate, a biblical symbol of a man who yields before evil, shrives, he enters into the work, being forgiven on the eve of Sunday. While Pilate walks with Yeshua by the moonlight beam Ivanushka stands at the beginning of this beam, symbolizing those whose choice is still not sure.The most recognizable double-character is Yeshua and Master an analogy of Christ and Bulgakov himself. Yeshua does not act as a Saviour, he is rather a creator who faces incomprehension and repudiation. like happens to Master, whose novel is welcomed by angry critics and who is lowestly symbolically e xecuted, because he is unavailing to create any more and falls into insanity. However, his novel is not lost, and subsequently it is read by Yeshua-Jesus himself, so Masters novel is a story of biblical events and at the same time a involvement between those events and our world.In contrast to all other human characters, even Margarita, Master and Yeshua are the only ones who struggle for truth and sincerity to the end. Pilate had a heart with Yeshua and hinted, that only a slight lie could save his life. Yeshua refused and became a martyr. Pilate could not overcome his fear and sentenced himself to everlasting spiritual unrest. Surprisingly, Pilates vis--vis in the modern world is Margarita, who leaves Master in a critical bite and has a feeling of guilt for long years. But at the end she is saved by Woland and Pilate is forgiven by Christ.Virtually every character in the novel has to face a choice situation and the choice he or she makes in the usual world predetermines his or her future existence in the spiritual reality. Master chooses to forget about his novel and about Margarita and so he becomes Pilates accomplice in execution of Christ. Therefore, he is not worthy of light and he never meets Jesus. Divine will is passed to him by Woland, who, in turn, receives it from Matthew Levi. Characters of the paralleled novels never meet together and their ties are limited to colloquy via messengers and joining into one at the end.As regards the other characters, their choice is rather comic, than dramatic. Berliozs uncle chooses to live in Moscow, and the only thing he is interested in when he receives a message about destruction of his nephew is to receive self-will of an apartment. Nikanor Ivanovich, chairman of the tenants association, chooses to take money from a suspicious foreigner.The crowd of women chooses to change their dress at a show arranged by cigaret and Behemoth. Their punishments are ridiculous but this does not mean that their actions will not be judged later in Ewigkeit. Fate of Berlioz is the most frightening warning. Woland appeared to be an adept of a theory which holds that it will be given to separately according to his faith.6 In the earthly life Berlioz has chosen to believe that at that place is nothing in the afterlife, and Woland has put him into nonentity in the spiritual world.The final scenes of the novel show the idea, that examples of the great masters are never lost, for manuscripts dont make out7. They become a part of eternity, and their creators obtain eternal life. So they are able to cross the border between two worlds. The fate of Bulgakovs novel is the best illustration for this thesis, for it has been published only decades after his death and immediately gained global recognition. Perhaps this was in a way a fourth plot line of the novel Bulgakovs own life became a parallel for lives of Yeshua and Master.ReferencesMikhail Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita. Penguin Books Ltd wise Ed edition, 2004. 432 pages.1 Mikhail Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita. Penguin Books Ltd New Ed edition, 2004. p. 1242 Ibid, p. 42 3 Ibid, p. 184 Ibid, p. 8 5 Ibid, p.380 6 Ibid, p.2757 Ibid, p.369

Critique on Genetically Modifying Humans Essay

Richard hay has written to the highest degree a topic that roughly of us have rarely listd ab appear, but have probably seen in a movie once before. In the 1950s, after Watson and Crick had observe DNA structures, it was predicted that one day we would be able to genetic every(prenominal)y fire our babyren. Since this prediction, scientists have been discovering specific genes that can alter such areas as reducing of the risk of depression, potenti every last(predicate)y doubling life span, growing taller and so forth. Richard goes on to mention that the possibilities of genetic modifications are great, since there are 30,000 genes in the homophile genome.Mr Hayes sites these claims of genome bioengineering from science magazine words, University scientific studies, and biotech pharmaceutical social club reports. On the same breath, as he talks about all the miracles that can be accomplished by these high tech advancements, he describes the dark side of leveraging these bre akthroughs. Richard worries about this technology only world used to prevent medical conditions and not for a hugely paid cosmetic and enhancement consumer product. at once the first genetically modified child is born, it could lead to a chain of events that could never be undone or controlled.This new wave of bioengineered humanity would no longer be playacting by the rules of natural selection we all know. These new super humans could regard the non-genetically modified humans as inferior and see themselves as the know. This potentially can lead the world into dark ages, where they would be the masters and everyone else, their slaves. Hayes certainly does make some bold claims, but most of which are backed by reputable scientific data. He references University of atomic number 20 studies, where it has been proven that genes are related to life span.When it comes to the potential for genome engineering, each of Hayes logical arguments is supported by a credible source. When it comes to genetically modifying things, we hear about it all the time. Now-a-days, we hear about the miracles of stem cell research, copy your dog and genetically modified foods. What Hayes is speaking of sounds completely plausible. The coterminous step after successfully bioengineering your food, would be to bioengineer your family pet, then your children. I would want a dog that doesnt chew up my slippers, pellet holes in my garden or a child that was immune to unhealthiness and had a perfect memory.Wouldnt you? This technology would have to be make available to every person on the planet. If it were not available to all, it probably would be misused, in a multitude of ways. I do signify this is something we must do. We must keep progressing as a species, even if it authority engineering ourselves. We could engineer our kids to be extremely intelligent, live twice as long and be immune to disease. How else are we going to explore the cosmos to discover a new planet to se ttle on? This article started off as an intriguing read and ended up in a dark twisted world, more like something you would see in a sci-fi movie.It is hard to say how things would exactly play out, if we allowed gene modification. Richard makes all sorts of assumptions about how the world would turn out if it is allowed. He talks about how it would be impossible to allow everyone access to this technology. A few long time ago a team of academics gathered to try and figure out a way to make this possible. They determined that it would not be possible to bring the new eugenic technologies to everyone. How do they know this to be? Once this technology is perfected and ready for mass production, it could be as brazen as an entry level cell phone these days.

Eugenics: the Artificial Selection

S R August 26, 2008 Biology 340 Eugenics The mawkish Selection In the 1800s, well-known biologist, Charles Darwin enlightened us with his theory of growing and raw(a) selection. In short, natural selection states that random genetic changes transpire inwardly an organisms genetic code, such changes are preserved because they are priceless for survival. Darwins ideas came from economics applied to biology. By the late 1800s Francis Galton, Darwins cousin, had thoroughly studied his cousins findings and disclosed his beliefs in biology, which he related to piece beings.His philosophy was known as Eugenics. Eugenics was an idea was based on ways to aver reproduction so that human ladder can reveal succeed, in other words, a revised sequel of Darwins natural selection, artificial selection. Galton understood that good onward motion of mankind was let bundle by generous outreach to the underprivileged when such hard work motivated people to stick more children. Galton sough t after expanding his eugenics idealism from cognizance to a policy and religion. This science was a form of perfecting the human race through improved reproduction.That alone should have scared people, however, it began to evolve, as Galton desired. Eugenicist aspired the tuition of advantageous characteristics and abolition of the adverse ones. Eugenics was seen as a means to crack the combined problems because it located the cause in the flawed germ cells within the embryo of individuals of certain ethnic groups instead of focusing on the building of society. Eugenicist alleged that inherit disorders with basic modes of inheritance could be construed from derivations of inheritance contained by families, such as polydactyl.Psychiatric disorders, such as manic depression, were also considered when researching inherited disorders. Geneticist understood that behavioral personality had the utmost impact on society. They sham that people inherited a trait that made them have an kinship to be poor. This was termed as shiftlessness. Other predispositions that were deemed inherited were alcoholism and sexual immorality, which was a notion to be part of the cause to criminal behavior.In the 1920s limiting immigration laws were passed because eugenicist believed that undesirable traits were linked to racial and ethnic groups, which was detrimental to society. Furthermore, eugenics was combine by Adolf Hitlers attempt at a victor race. His roughshod behavior and massacre of Jews made the initiative of developing a master race became exceedingly ostracized. However, eugenics should not be considered eradicated from society. Some believe that the advancement and encouragement of birth control is considered a major eugenic success.It was seen as a eugenic success because of a sudden increase in population and frenzy to control this. I understand that eugenics may be intended to promote reproduction among the genetically advantaged. Therefore, in that sense I find it to be acceptable to some extent. The practices that follow this type of positive degree eugenics, nowadays, is slowly being accepted in society. Such as, in vitro fertilization, a couple may find this resource as a turn over in life. However, others may argue that adoption is always the best option when infertility is an issue.The fact that there are millions of children that do not have parents, would make me opt for child adoption. As previously mentioned, birth control is considered a eugenic success. In this area I would agree with that generalization. I find that women should take care of themselves form of eugenics that I consider eugenics ostracize when the attempt is to subordinate fertility amongst the genetically underprivileged. Such an example would be to have an abortion knowing that your child will have a disability.Overall, this subject matter is more complicated and thought provoking that it may seem when once introduced. However, the evolution of society has made modifications to the early eugenic standards.Work Cited EugenicsArchive. org Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement http//www. eugenicsarchive. org/eugenics/list3. pl Adams, Mark, ed. The Wellborn erudition Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia (New York, Oxford Oxford University Press, 1990 Neo Eugenics http//neoeugenics. home. comcast. net/neoeugenics/ Future Generations http//www. eugenics. net/ link/othrlink. html

How Has Popular Recreation Influenced Sport and Pastimes in the 21st Century

How has common recreation influenced free rein and one-time(prenominal)imes in the twenty-first century? Popular recreation was pre-industrial dramas and asideimes mainly associated with the peasant/ overthrow class. This could to a fault refer to popular noncurrent time at that time. Pre industrial popular recreation accurately reflected society and invigoration in pre industrial Britain. The dis exchangeable activities and brags were supported by a strict class system (The feudalistic system) roughtimes they sh ard activities much(prenominal) as cock fighting, sometimes they took classify in different activities, mob foot dinner dress was predominately light class and past time such as lawn tennis were top(prenominal) class.In some cases the different classes had different roles within the sport, for example in hunting the f number class would take part in the actual hunt and the lower class would organise the dogs and tend to the animals. black knuckle package uncase knuckle boxing was a popular sport that has heavily influenced forward-looking day boxing. Like umteen pre industrial past times publicise knuckle boxing was simple with very primitive methods, had very a couple of(prenominal) rules and was violent which reflected the harsh eighteenth century rural life.It was one of few sports in which upper and lower classes were involved. Some members of the gentry sponsored a lower class wedge and they became their patron. The patron would arrange the contest, put up a stake or wager property and give board and caparison to the per springer. The fighters were usually from very poor background and this gave them a chance to dupe money fame and status. The patron however did this for prestige and popularity.Modern day boxing is similar in more ways to bare knuckle boxing there are accepted rules such as not inter-group communication a downed opponent, In 1853 London prize fighting ring rules were introduced which stated that fig hts had to take place in a 24 feet square ring, if the fighter was knocked down he had thirty seconds to rise to his feet and biting, psyche scarceting and hitting on a lower floor the belt were declared fouls. These rules are even so in place today and the fundamental difference is boxing gloves and mouth guards for safety and head guards for amateur boxers Lawn tennis Lawn tennis is a variation of the juvenile game today that is known as tennis.Lawn tennis originated in Britain and was a combination of the game rackets and the Spanish ball game peolta. It was create and compete exclusively by the upper class and had a clear descend of rules and etiquette. It wasnt accessible by the lower classes as they had neither the money nor equipment to engender involved. It was created in the mid 19th century scarce at the start of the industrial revolution. The rules of tennis have been kept largely similar to modern day tennis although like many other past times the equipment ha s changed as materials became more readily available for inventors to modernise the game.The victor rackets were wooden and prone to breakages were as now the rackets are made of carbon-fibre and are lightweight. Mob football Mob football was a mediaeval form of what is now known as association footballwhich emerged in atomic number 63 during the middle Ages. Mob football was very simple with no rules and large number of players, and any means could be used to move the ball to a goal, as long as it did not lead to manslaughter or murder. These early games of footballwere forerunners of modern codes of football such as rugby football footballand association football.The origins of the game is not clear hardly by the Middle Ages these games had generally become annual celebrations and had a tendency to become quite rowdy. Mob football would have more resembled a revoltthan any of its descendants. The sport usually involved groups of men from deuce connecting villages (or two group s from either end of a single village) fighting to move a ball from one side to the other. The game was associated with the lower classes and frowned upon by upper classes and more so by royalty.A number of monarchs prohibited the sport as its lack of rules did not accurately reflect Christian life. individually town or village would have played a slightly different game with rules that were not written down. The final results were held on public holidays such asShrove Tuesdaywhen men would have been given the day off work. The sport can notwithstanding be witnessed in some parts of the unify Kingdom, notably Ashbourne where the annual Shrovetide football game attracts people from all or so the valet de chambre. Cruel sportsIn the 18th century life was tough for peasants and their past times echoed this. Bear baiting, dog fighting and cock fighting were just some of the uncouth, violent past times that took place in pre- industrial Britain. Many of these past times took place in the inns yard as it was a one of the only ways to interact as there were very few methods of communication. They were a place for locals to do business, socialize and were a stopping station for coaches. The landlords provided equipment and set up a number of games to boost customer and profit.Many sporting clubs used the pubs as there base and this is still evident today with pubs having pool, darts and football teams. Pubs helped the development and spread of sports around Britain. Religion has been a key reckon in the development of sport in Britain. The reformation caused the creation of two new types of Christian religion, Protestantism and Puritanism as well as the original papist Catholics but after the break away from Rome, the catholic way of life disappeared from Britain.As a result of the English reformation Puritans emerged and they were fiercely against excess, wilfulness and drinking associated with contempory recreations. This was a bleak time for recreation in Britain but this only lasted for a short time and Protestantism became prominent and leisure was restored but only for work purposes. The military has also influenced modern day sport and past times. Combat skills such as archery and fencing were originally working(a) and used in battle but over time these became unskilled and with the development of guns, lost their functions.They remain relatively unchanged and archery is an Olympic event and professional sport. Are there illegal activities still continuing? Bare knuckle boxing is now illegal and has been for many years but there is still an underground movement and also many cruel sports such as bear-baiting , dog fighting and cock fighting still unfortunately take place. It was banned in the UK in 1835 but is still present in many less developed countries in the world particularly Latin America. ConclusionPopular recreation in pre-industrial Britain has greatly influenced modern sport as the origins are evident in many sports such as mob football becoming association football and bare knuckle boxing becoming boxing. The popular past times were generally basic with few rules with the exception of lawn tennis and cricket which were developed by the upper class and these led to many variations such as mob football developing into rugby and rugby in bow forming rugby union and rugby league. Without these pre industrial past times many of the modern sports would not have been developed.