Electronic and Mobile commerce Slp Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electronic and Mobile commerce Slp - Assignment Example This paper describes the main types of electronic and mobile commerce applications available in the current market that change everyday consumer-experience. There are a number of dynamics that steering m-commerce. These dynamics include the extensive accessibility and popularity of wireless devices such as smart phones, the decreasing cost of wireless technology, the accessibility of instant connectivity from any location, and bandwidth enhancements that increase the speed of data broadcast. M-commerce has experienced developing admiration in financial services, telecommunications services, retail, and information services. Consumers in the current market, bank online, purchase goods and services, adjust their smart phone schedules, pay bills, obtain direction, navigate through GPS and look up traffic from wireless devices (Canada.ca, 2010). Mobile commerce (m-commerce) education and training is rather harder to find than other fields of commerce, since this field is new and regularly changing. Therefore, continuing education in many fields has been moving online at a faster rate as compared to normal classes’ studies. Companies are still exploring how to monetize their business in this field. The Mobile Commerce segment assists students to easily access learning materials about different fields. M-commerce creates network, systems and consumer behaviors that integrate to make up the m-commerce ecosystem. This means the field is extensive, accessible to consumers with ideas that takes off. Since there are a reasonably extensive percentage of consumers who own smart phones and other electronic devices, most industries are likely to be prosperous in mobile commerce (Canada.ca, 2010). Mobile commerce continues to grow, but will not be fully established until it becomes actual mobile information accessible everywhere, anytime and to consumers globally. Applying mobile commerce to computing fields generates both tremendous marketable

Living In A Surveillance Society Information Technology Essay

Living In A Surveillance Society Information Technology Essay To say we are consciously or unconsciously sleep walking into surveillance society is a question of fact because frankly speaking individuals in society go through some form of surveillance. The security attached to surveillance allows individuals embrace it and sometimes with the knowledge of risks that come with being watched meanwhile others walk into a surveillance society without any knowledge of such dangers. 1.2 Judging from past and present events reported in several cases, journals and articles about the benefits and dangers that accompany a surveillance society, I am of the opinion that there is a need to analyse the concept of a surveillance society to ascertain if the concerns of the Information Commissioner are justified or not. 1.3 This essay would surround different issues in relation to a surveillance society such as individual privacy, data protection, laws that provide for data protection, different forms of surveillance and surveillance technologies with a view to providing some clarity regarding the concerns of the commissioner on the concept of a surveillance society. 2.0 Surveillance 2.1 Definition of surveillance Surveillance is viewed as having information about ones movement and activities recorded by technologies on behalf of the organisations and governments that structured our society.  [1]  Surveillance was also defined as a purposeful routine, systematic and focused attention paid to personal details for the sake of control, entitlement, management, influence or protection.  [2]   In my opinion, to be under surveillance means that almost every aspect of an individuals life is been watched, monitored and controlled by others who consider themselves superior and thereby deny people of their right to privacy and control of different aspects of their lives. Professor Ian J.Lloyd, referring to Alan Westins seminar work on Information Technology in a Democracy identified three types of surveillance as: physical, psychological and data surveillance  [3]   Physical surveillance involves the watching and monitoring of acts of individuals in a society and can be carried out with or without the use of surveillance technologies. The use of spies, spooks and acts of security agencies fall within the above and is applied to limited individuals. Psychological surveillance involves the use of surveillance technologies to monitor the activities of individuals in a society by the use of interrogations. Furthermore, data surveillance involves the use of ones personal information to monitor their activities. Due to technology compliance by countries, dataveillance is the most prominent form of surveillance used which is supported by electronic devices. 2.2 Living in a surveillance society The idea of a surveillance society springs from the fears of the government and people as regards the reoccurring threats to lives of individuals based on past events like terrorism, fraud, armed robbery and shop lifting. In finding solutions to these problems, certain measures and forms of surveillance were introduced to provide security, and whether these solutions are appropriate, remains a question as there might be more invasive answers which result to an individuals right to privacy and anonymity being infringed. Focus should reflect the attainment of social goals rather than living in the shadow of the consequence of a surveillance society.  [4]   The United Kingdom (UK)is an example of a country that is fully compliant with the idea of a surveillance society because almost every aspect of their lives starting from taking a walk on the streets, driving their cars, going shopping in the supermarkets, going to the hospital and even in their work place they are under surveillance and this is so because the UK is a highly technologically developed country with access to lots of surveillance technologies used to monitor the activities in the life of their citizens and the UK has been described as the most surveyed country with more CCTV cameras but the irony is that it still has loose laws on privacy and data protection. In Britain there are about 4.2 million CCTV cameras, one for every fourteen people, meaning that an individuals activities can be captured by over three hundred cameras a day. Reporters claim Britain has the biggest DNA data base with over a million innocent peoples data on, with some being aware and others in the dark and with the advent of new and improved modern surveillance technologies being introduced individuals will be subjected to even more surveillance than they are going through today.  [5]   A surveillance society is not a totally bad concept as it has its advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages include provision of security and protection of people from computer hackers, terrorists, threats to public security, provides speed and enhances co-ordination  [6]  . Consequent upon the pros of a surveillance society, the greatest negative effect of a surveillance society is the threat to privacy of individuals, though we seem to be more concerned with our fears and in the process over look the possibility that being fully dependent on surveillance technologies for safety could end up being of more harm to us than good. Surveillance creates lack of trust and raises suspicion between citizens, citizens and the state, thereby heightening the need for us to control and monitor our activities. 2.3 Surveillance Technologies There are different kinds of surveillance technologies that are used in our society today which can also be summarized under the different forms of surveillance. Some examples of surveillance technologies includes as follows: (a) Video surveillance i.e. the use of Closed-circuit Televisions (CCTV) (b) Telecommunications surveillance (c) Biometrics (d) Shop Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags (e) Loyalty cards (f) Internet cookies (g) Data Flows (h) Locating, Tracking Tagging Technologies (I) London Oyster Cards e.t.c Video Surveillance This is considered the most popular kind of surveillance technology used in a surveillance society because the use of CCTV cameras enable the capturing of images of individuals who go about their activities with the aim of preventing crime. CCTV cameras are devices that have actively been used in Britain to watch people and as such it has been predicted by experts that by the year 2009, 642 million pounds would have been spent on video surveillance software as against the 147million pounds spent in 2004 in a bid to reducing the crime rate.  [7]   Telecommunications surveillance This involves the use of technical equipments such as Global Positioning System (GPS), tapping of phones by the police or security services and it involves the exchange of data and information which is enabled by large scale digital and computing systems such as the internet. Biometrics Surveillance Biometrics is another very common surveillance technology being used today in most organizations, embassies and airports. This form of identification includes body trace e.g. fingerprints, iris scans, facial topography and hand scans which are all used on different passports and I.D card systems. Biometrics has been predicted to cause UK a healthy sum of 4.7 billion industry in 2009 which initially in the year 2003 cost 675 million and this is so because of the creation of more sophisticated surveillance technologies like smart cameras to iris identification, all with the belief that there will be accuracy in identification and crime will be reduced.  [8]   Radio Frequency Identification Technologies (RFID) It involves the use of radio frequency communications as a way to track goods as they move through the supply chain. RFID are embedded into products, pallets and cases thereby enabling the RFID readers read information from those tags  [9]  . Data flows Surveillance This is a very sensitive form of surveillance as it is gathered by surveillance technologies and it flows around computer networks and has been described by Clarke R as dataveillance which is the systematic use of personal data systems in the investigation or monitoring of the actions of one or more persons  [10]  .In most circumstances of data subjects consents to giving their data, but what now happens in a situation whereby the data is transferred elsewhere and there is no idea as to where the data goes by either the public or data sharing agencies. In such a case one tends to wonder if we can say we have confidence in the state as regards the safety of our data. With the use of these technologies you can see that in a surveillance society our lives can be monitored entirely as everything you do has one form of surveillance technology which can be used to track you. Some of these technologies include Global Positioning System(GPS) which can be use in tracking your precise location, loyalty cards which can be use to determine your capacity in shopping and as such marketers know how to target a customer based on his or her spending habits and even the internet can be monitored because every individual leaves trails when browsing the internet and this trails are called cookies which are left on a users machine thereby recognizing when visits were made to that site thereby making the activities of user traceable  [11]  . There are also non-technological means of surveillance of surveillance which we practice as individuals in the society such as eavesdropping, watching, use of human spies and many others  [12]  . But these methods due to the advent of technology and modernity are gradually fading away because they are looked upon as ineffective compared to technological mediums. This is because surveillance technologies provide faster means of security, safety and certainty. We are left with the concern of how effective surveillance technologies are to our lives and to what extent can we say that they have made a positive impact on our lives than the negative ones. 2.4 The Negative and Positive Impact of Surveillance on our society. A surveillance society has its negative and positive impacts on our lives as individuals in the society but the negatives impacts are greater than the positive ones. Surveillance society has a way of setting traps for individuals in a society and this trap includes: (a)Thinking that surveillance is a product of new technologies and (b)Thinking of surveillance as a malign plot hatched by evil powers.  [13]   Ones an individuals looks at the concept of a surveillance society in this light then it is easy for one to fall into the trap of a surveillance society and the dangers that it poses to how lives. Apart from a sense of security, safety, minimum amount of risks, swift flow of goods, people and information which we as individuals believe are the positive effects of surveillance on our lives, what other way can we really say that a surveillance society has improved our lives or limited the risks and dangers we go through every day because irrespective of all the different forms of surveillance both technological and non-technological, It has not kept us out of harms way. The presence of CCTV cameras in the UK has not reduced the level of crime as terrorist still find means of operating and planning attacks. More so, individual personal data are still being used against them and all thanks to surveillance. Surveillance creates room for suspicion and lack of trust in the society because why should employers feel there is a need to monitor the affairs of their employees by bugging their cell phones, putting tracking devices in their company vehicles, storage of employees personal data, making them undertake certain medical tests and answering personal questions about their lives which could be used against them in the future. Surveillance exposes individuals in a society to harm as we may not know who is watching us and what purpose our data is being used for because in the UK and the world at large, we still do not have updated data protection laws that would secure our database from unauthorized access or leakage and therefore leaving us in harms way if our personal data was to fall into the hands of the wrong person because those watching us could pose a threat to us, instead of providing us with security. Surveillance encourages social discrimination relating to race and ethnicity as sometimes our personal data is used to determine the level of benefits we get in the society. Surveillance encourages deceit, dishonesty and function creep in the sense that the data controllers tell the people that they need their data for a particular purpose and end up using such data for another purpose. Also surveillance technologies help marketers to manipulate customers data in the sense that the use of Loyalty Cards which is common in the UK helps producers to monitor the resources of a customer by their shopping habits and as such they come up with ways to direct marketing to that customer in order to make profits and this is wrong. Another negative effect of a surveillance society which I consider to be the most crucial is the infringement of ones right to privacy and the total loss of an individuals anonymity in the society. Privacy is a fundamental right of every individual in a society but you find that in a surveillance society, it is not possible for one to exercise that right because everywhere you go, you cant be anonymous because cameras are watching in the streets and as such the whole idea of privacy and anonymity has been defeated. The above effects of surveillance are more negative than positive and much more has to be done to grant us more confidence that our society is safe. 3.0 The Right to Privacy In Relation to a Surveillance Society 3.1 What is Privacy? The concept of Privacy in relation to a surveillance society is of paramount importance because an individuals privacy in society is a constitutional right which should not be infringed. One cannot talk about a surveillance society without the issue of privacy. Privacy and surveillance cannot co-exist together without one being a hindrance to the other. A surveillance society cannot function without crossing the path of privacy while privacy cannot be secured in a surveillance society, which poses a dilemma to individuals because we are left with two options which are: (a)Choose Surveillance and forego your privacy and (b)Choose your Privacy and live with the possibility of being exposed to danger and risks at any time With these options, whatever choice will make us prone to loosing something important to our lives. 3.2 Definitions of Privacy Privacy was defined by Judge Cooley in the year 1888 as The right to be left alone   [14]  . Privacy has also been defined by some writers as: The right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information  [15]   Privacy is very important to individuals in the sense that it is the only form of dignity and pride individuals have. Therefore laws need to protect this right, otherwise people in a surveillance society will become puppets who have no control as to how their personal data and information is used and manipulated by the Puppet masters. Article 8 of the Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention), 1985 provides which was ratified by the Council of Europe provides that: (1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2)There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interest of national security, public safety of economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health morals or for the protection of the rights of freedoms of others.  [16]   This convention as of that year was not a confirmed law and its provisions could only be confirmed in European Courts and because UK was a signatory for the Council of Europe, the Convention applied to the UK but in 1998 the Human Rights Acts (HRA) was enacted in the UK and were incorporated into the UK law and a more recent Law was enacted in 2000 in charter (7) of the Fundamental rights of the European Union which provided for right to privacy in respect to modern day communication.  [17]   3.3 Issues of Privacy in Relation to a surveillance society A surveillance society is a huge area of contention in relation to privacy in the sense that it affects every aspect of an individuals life. Eric Barendt ,Described the fight between surveillance and privacy as (Political) he said: prominent figures mostly politicians, celebrities, members of the royal family are trying to protect their lives from media scrutiny meanwhile on the other hand the press which is surveillance in this case is fighting to retain their liberty of publication  [18]   He was also of the view that privacy is a fundamental human right that should not be Infringed on either by the government, business, individual or the media  [19]   As individuals in a surveillance society we need to have the right to preserve our privacy but if our actions keep on being monitored by technological or non-technological means of surveillance, it will leave a trail which can be traced back to us. Also, the fact that our personal data is constantly being transferred from one data base to another and processed by different processors makes access to our personal information easy. In the case of R v Brown  [20]  , Lord Hoffman in his judgement stated: Privacy which is the right to keep oneself to our self, to tell other people that certain things are none of their business is under technological threat due to the different and various types of surveillance e.g. surveillance cameras, telephone bugs, which are used by individuals in the society today.  [21]   Also in the case of Leander v Sweden  [22]  , Mr Torsten Leander was denied employment as a result of his personal information which was held in a register and was revealed to his employer without knowledge of the kind of information that was kept about him and for what purpose it will be used and this constituted a breach of his right to privacy provided for in Article 8 (1) Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention). In the case of Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers  [23]  , taking pictures of Miss Campbell outside the Nacortics Anonymous, breached her right to privacy when her photos were published. She appealed on the grounds of breach of confidence by the media and which is one of her fundamental human right and against the provisions of the Data protection Act (1998). The court of appeal was against the verdict of the case but on appeal the House of Lords passed judgement in her favour which also gave rise to other opinions concerning the extent to which ones privacy can be said to have been breached. In the case of Craxi v Italy, it was established that there was indeed an infringement of Article 8 of the European convention on human rights, though Mr. Craxi was guilty of committing certain offences, it was held that: the state failed to provide safe custody of the transcripts of telephone conversation which Were presented as evidence before the court and to subsequently carry out an effective Investigation as to how those private communications were released into public domain  [24]   Privacy is gradually becoming lost in our society irrespective of the different Laws that have been established in our society, we cant honestly say that they protect our personal information from the dangers of a surveillance society such as globalization, the internet and the continuous invention of new technologies by virtue of new discoveries. 4.0 REGULATIONS A society cannot exist without laws and supervisory authorities that would regulate the actions and behaviours of individuals. In a surveillance society, there is a great need for laws and bodies to be established in other to oversee and supervise the way our personal data is being used because without people watching those who process our data, there is a risk of danger to us as our information could be manipulated and used against us if it were to fall into wrong hands. Blackmail by criminals and discrimination to our person could result where medical data about an individual who has HIV or other deadly diseases was to leak, as the person could be subject to social discrimination and stigmatisation. As a result of this, different countries have supervisory authorities who possess some powers to ensure that our privacy is protected in a surveillance society. Article 28 (1) and (2) of the data protection Directive provides for the establishment of these supervisory authorities and their powers. In the UK we have the information commissioner meanwhile other member countries except Germany have a single supervisory authority who supervise the affairs of their personal data.  [25]   Different Laws have been enacted and put in place in our society today so as to make sure that our personal information is protected but these laws have their strengths and weaknesses and cannot be relied on completely by individuals in a surveillance society. Most of this law are guided by some basic principles such as: (a)Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. (b)Personal data should not be use for any purpose other than the purpose it was obtained for. (c)Personal data must be accurate and kept up to date. (d)An individual must be informed of when personal data about them is collected. (e)The purpose for which personal data was obtained should be stated. (f)The consent of the individual must be obtained before obtaining their personal information (g)Individuals must be told how their data will be protected from misuse. (I)Individuals should be told how they can access their data and should be able to verify its accuracy and request changes where necessary  [26]  . The above represent the basic fair information principles (FIP) that regulate the control of our personal data in a surveillance society. These principles exist side by side with some laws in controlling the use of our data. Some of these laws include: (1)European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. (2)Data Protection Act 1998. (3)Regulation of investigatory powers Act 2000. (4)Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001. (5)The Council of Europe Convention. (6)OECD 1980 Laws. (7)Telecommunications Directive (97/66/EC). (8) Electronic communications Act 2000. 4.1 Data Protection Act (1998) The need of data protections laws arouse out of the growing use of computers in the 1970s and the threat to personal privacy that rapid manipulation of data posed and as a result data was made easily accessible from many different points. Computer technology makes it possible for data to be transferred from one data base to another by data controllers and processors such as employers, companies, government agencies and so on and data subjects most of the time are not aware of the purpose for which their personal data is being used.  [27]   Schedule 1 of the Act provides for the principles of data protection, schedule 2 provides for all personal data and schedule 3 provides only for sensitive personal data. The Act defined personal data in section 1 as data which relate to a living individual who can be identified from those data or from those data which are under procession of or is likely to come into the possession of the data controller  [28]  . It also provides in section 2 for sensitive personal data which is personal data consisting of information as to racial or ethnic origin, sexual life, mental health, religious beliefs  [29]   The Act is a regulatory law that is recognised by the UK and as such section 6  [30]  of the Act provides for the Office of the Information Commissioner and the tribunal and their powers as supervisory authorities with regards to our personal data and this Act applies to the United Kingdom (UK) and any other (EEA) state by virtue of section 5 of this act  [31]   The Act also provides data subjects with some rights in order to protect their personal data such as: Right to access of our personal data Right to be informed of our personal data and the purpose for which they are used Right of rectification and erasure of data when it appears incorrect e.t.c Schedule 1 of the Data protection Act (1998) provided for eight principles which data controllers and processors are to apply when handling our personal data which is in conformity with the fair information principles mentioned above. 4.2ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ( OECD 1980) LAWS The OECD guidelines were adopted in 1980 on the protection of privacy and trans-border data flows of personal data. It comprised of 24 countries throughout the world and including the U.S and it was enacted to harmonize national privacy legislation and uphold human rights and prevent interruptions in international flows of data. The OECD 1980 guidelines include: (1)Collection limitation: There should be limits to the collection of personal data and it should be obtained by lawful means with the consent of the data subject where necessary (2)Data quality principle states that personal data should be relevant for the purposes in which they are used and should be accurate and up to date. (3)Purpose specification: The purpose for which the data was collected must be specified (4)Security safeguards principle for example loss, unauthorized access, destruction and so on should be observed. (5)Openness Principle (6)Individual participation principle (7)Accountability principle: A data controller should be accountable for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated above (8) Use limitation principle: Personal data should not be disclosed, made available or used for purposes other than those specified except with the consent of the data subject or the law.  [32]   4.3 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act (2001) This law was established to reduce the level of terrorism and crime and to provide for the retention of communications data and for many other connected purposes. This law is issued by the secretary of the state who from time to time can revise a code of practise in relation to the retention of communications providers of communications data obtained by and held by them in other to safeguard national security and prevent crime by virtue of section102 (1),(2) and (3) of the Act.  [33]   Judging from our analysis of a few laws, reports have shown that these privacy laws are not efficient enough to safeguard our privacy and personal data in a surveillance society. Other measures of regulation include: (1)Self regulation by the use of codes to regulates their conduct  [34]   (2)Privacy enhancing technologies (PET)  [35]   (3) Individual s

Fred :: essays research papers

There once was a planet inhabited by ape like creatures. All of their names were fred. Anyways... one day fred went on an adventure to fred's store to buy a pack of gum. He noticed the employee of the month had the same name as his and he purchased the gum and chewed the first piece. It was grape flavored, fred's favorite. On the way home, fred saw his best friend fred, sitting on a bench with his brown bagged lunch which had been packed 3 hours previous by fred's mother, fred. So fred went up to his best friend fred, and said, "I'll trade ya a stick of gum for one item in your lunch." Fred agreed to this with much enthusiam. Fred looked through his friend's lunch and found 3 items of interest, a bolongia sandwhich, a golden toothpick, and some tree bark. Fred's instinct was to pick the tree bark, but thinking with his head he realized he should choose the bolongia sandwhich. So fred made the wise choice and headed home with his bolongia sandwhich. He ran home so excitedly just like a monkey should. But as he got to his street, fred street, he saw that there had been a big brush fire that swept through his block and wiped out everything he held true and dear. It didn't burn his house down or anything but it melted his prized collection of wax figurines which made fred very very sad. Moving on to the next order of business, fred drove his hovercraft car to the Secretary of State that day to pick up his custom liscence plate which read, FRED, he was on a waiting list for 3 years before he could purchase such a thing due to all the people living on his planet with the first name of Fred. Which is strange because fred isn't all that common a name on other planets. On fred's way to the DMV he got stopped by the police for speeding in a slow zone. You see, there are no speed limits on this planet, only zones, zones for going fast and zones for going slow, so fred was stopped by the police officer and sat waiting for the police man to give him his ticket, when all of a sudden his hover car ran out of fuel. The fuel for his hover car was interesting because it's not radio active or anything, it runs mud, the muddier, the better.

Animal Rights and Ethics

Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans? During this paper I will present the views of both sides. I will try my best to give the reader a chance to come to there own unbiased conclusion. I will talk about the key areas of animal ethics. I will present the facts and reasoning behind the arguments over Animal cruelty, testing, hunting, and improper housing. My conclusion will hopefully bring us closer to answering many of the question surrounding â€Å"Animal Rights and Ethics†. Animals Rights and Ethics† Animal ethics is a complex subject. Despite opinions Animal ethics has nothing to do with someone’s sentimental love for animal. In fact you don't even have to own or like animals to argue that it is morally wrong to mistreat them. For many it raises fundamental questions about the basis of moral rights. For years animal rights activist have tried to prevent animal suffering. Two of the main topics which animal rights activists have brought to the attention of the public are; animal testing and hunting.The testing performed on animals has gone on for years and even with certain regulations set in place some of these experiments can be extremely cruel and barbaric. Even now it is still defended by the scientist performing these acts and our governments as a necessary (evils or) safety procedure. They don't want to spray perfume on people and cause them to get a rash so they use it on animals before it is safe for the public. There have been a lot of negativity surrounding animals testing but some of these tests have lead to medical breakthroughs.Clinicians can now use Herceptin to treat Breast Cancer. If it wasn’t for animal testing the estimated five million diagnosed diabetics in the United States alone wouldn’t be able to use Insulin safely. If we look at the good side of animal testing it is that humans benefit in long run. The dark side of animal testing is the majority of test subjects or test animals h ave went blind or died not because of medical advancements but simply because it was necessary to test whether cosmetics like perfume burned when sprayed in eyes of animals instead of humans.The views of animal rights activists are that innocent animals live there life in labs and cages not for the benefit of man but for the benefit of the next test. As of today these procedures are viewed as ethical and expectable in our culture. Hunting is an extremely controversial subject because hunting in different cultures means different things. In this country hunting laws were dramatically, changed causing outcry within the hunting community. Activist believes it would be ethical to ban hunting world wide.Hunters would argue that they have the right to live off the land and it’s a form of population control. It comes back to the fact hunters don't need meat to live and most hunting is did for fun, not for food. As far as population control places like Africa have adopted things like â€Å"Hunting Safari's†. On these safari's you can hunt any animal for a certain fee. So as long as you have the money you can go kill a rhino or tiger with no hesitation for fun. To pay and kill innocent animals for a photo ethically seems to be a ludicrous idea.If animals kill people it is universally viewed that the animal should be put down but when humans kill animals it’s the exact opposite. Most Activists have felt if animals don't have rights people will always be allowed to commit these unethical acts. While hunters feel they can't be held morally wrong if these events are legal by law. For years people have avoided arguing that all animals deserve rights because this would give rights to creatures that are so simple that the idea of them having rights would seem to defy common sense.The second problem is arguing which animals should have rights. The argument that only the â€Å"higher level† animals have rights would suggest that we have the right to pick and choose which animals deserve respect. For instance the household animals which we keep as pets have the right to live a happy fulfilled life, but the spider you washed down the stink or the slug you or a kid poured salt over did not because they are not a â€Å"higher† animal. Even though it might seem wrong or controversial for one to decide which are ‘higher’ animals, our society and government have decided this for us.For example household pets such as dogs and cats are hailed too much higher standards in the United States than Cows or Chickens. Which raises the question, is it ethically wrong for Animal rights activists to fight for the rights of some animals and not others? Animal Cruelty is a subject that spreads far across the United States and into most civilized cultures. Animal cruelty can either be in the form of intentional abuse, simple neglect, or abandonment of animals. Whatever forms the abuse takes, however, the animal that is the victim of the abuse is often helpless and may experience extreme suffering.Animal right activist feel if you don’t know how to take care or treat an animal it can be as deadly as physical abuse to care for one. Activist also feel by giving a child a fish, rabbit, or bird to take care of can viewed as intentional neglect or abuse. This is based upon a child not being able to take care of its self but giving another life which depends on its care in order for it to live. This is hardly ever considered by the parent(s) or suppliers of pets and for that that reason organization like PETA and The Humane Society feel it is necessary to step in and make the general public aware of these issues.The Improper housing of animals have been a bitter subject with Animal rights activist as well. This is viewed as immoral because Activist feel it is unfair to house or travel with animals in cages against their will. They see places like the zoo, breeding houses, and the circus can all be guilty of the in proper housing of animals. The general public along with the zoo, breeding houses and the circus do not see anything wrong with the showcasing of animals but the showcasing is not at the core of what upsets the activist.The argument is that animals are being treated and housed unfairly and immorally for profit or amusement. Governments and a lot of organizations have taken action against the in proper housing and treatment of animals. Law enforcement units have been made to protect and ensure animal safety but still Animal activist feel it’s not enough. Animal activist feel the best way ethically to make a difference would be to give animals the same rights as humans. Which brings us back to the main topic: Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans?The arguments against animal rights center on whether animals behave morally, because rights only have a meaning within a moral community. And as animals don't behave in a moral way they don't deserve mora l treatment from other beings. It is said that animals usually behave selfishly, and look after their own interests, while humans will often help others, even if this is to their own disadvantage. Some feel Animals don't display these characteristics and therefore is not a member of a â€Å"moral community†. Some people enjoy eating meat and fish, and so face a conflict between animal and human interests.The act of killing animals for food is trivial because humans do not need to eat meat in order to survive. So should the human interest to eat meat be satisfied at the expense of the animals? Moral behavior comes into play when asking this question. To the people that argue animals don't behave morally therefore they don't deserve rights, I ask this. If we behave in an immoral manner do we deserve our rights? The view that animals were put on this earth to serve human's comes originally from the Bible, but probably reflects a basic human attitude towards other species.It was for these reasons that the Animal Welfare Act was put in to place. The Act is an overhaul of pet abuse laws and came into force in England and Wales in 2007. The act was the first review of pet laws in 94 years. It replaced the Protection of Animals Act, first passed in 1911 and designed to prevent outright cruelty to animals. The animal welfare act combined more than 20 pieces of legislation in to one. The act introduced harsher penalties for neglect and cruelty, including fines at up to 20,000, a maximum jail term of 51 weeks and a lifetime ban of some people keeping pets.It also rose the age of buying a pet from 12 to 16 years old. Although the act banned mutation for cosmetic reasons such as docking (cutting or removal) of the tail the exception was made for â€Å"working† dogs' such as those in the police or armed forces. It also allowed such practices as castrating, spaying cats and dogs and ear tagging which were not made illegal. This act has forced people to acknowle dge that animals do have rights. In closing, I feel animals deserve more than the rights they have and that we might not deserve all the options and liberties we are granted.It is ethical to treat others as you would like to be treated, should this statement only be meant for man. I think this comes down to knowing what is right or wrong but by saying that I can only consider my view as what is right, which could be viewed by others as wrong. I present this conclusion; â€Å"When hunting becomes a sport instead of a survival skill, it is wrong. When one animal is considered better than another that is wrong’. When any life is taken out of neglect, spite, hobby or abuse, Animal or human, ethically and morally, we can agree, without bias is â€Å"wrong†.

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis done on Harley Davidson Essay

Harley Davidson remains as a dominant force in the heavy weight motorcycle industry; upholding 50% share in the heavy weight motorcycles. This year they celebrate their 110th Anniversary proudly as the only major motorcycle manufacturer to completely focus on motorcycles. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) Other major players in the Motorcycle Industry are, Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki that also have their other major product lines inclusive of cars, watercraft, musical equipment and etc. Assessment of Strengths and Weaknesses of Current and Potential Competitors Porters Five Forces Analysis Source: Vector (2012) Internal Rivalry The heavyweight motorcycle market is justly concentrated with four major companies manufacturing these vehicles. Harley Davidson being one of the most experienced within the industry, Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha are the competitors that are all from Japan. Over the past few years many market for heavyweight motorcycles has increased annually, but experts are predicting even though the market is growing it will slow down in the years to come. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) The Competitive challenge is high in motorcycle industry. Most of the time motorbikes are counted as a luxury product and pricing the products can be complex. (Oxbridge Writers, 2012) Harley Davidson offers spare parts, extended warranties, and innovative and environmental friendly motorbikes for their customers, this singularizes them from their competitors. Japan’s companies have marked their success by establishing a strong competitive place in the market using cheap prices as their strategy. This affects customers perception on Harley Davidson’s place in the market and their prices. However, those having a predominant place in this sport do have conflicting interests, i. e. Yamaha and Honda have diversified into musical instrument and other motor vehicles. . (Oxbridge Writers, 2012) This results Harley-Davidson in differentiating themselves as a loyal, specialized Motorbike Company and getting more customers. Harley Davidson has traditionally been the prevailing competitor in this market with taking over 50% of the market share. With time it has fallen to below 50 % due to other companies expanding their heavyweight motorcycle production and growing in the market, focusing on American Consumers. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) This is because other products from competitors are becoming less distinguished and is similar to Harley Davidson Products. Recalling, back to the past it was easier to acknowledge Harley Davidson motorbikes for their unique style, but currently Japanese Manufacturers are merging popular designs to their products. As a result motorbikes from manufacturers are becoming more similar over time. This forces Harley-Davidson to focus more on their branding to maintain the customers. This can be an advantage to them, since Harley is known internationally for their brand, many people would prefer a Harley over a Honda or Suzuki. But can also be a downfall since Japanese companies has been improving their products with time. Threat of New Entrants This industry has a very high entry barrier, as it requires high capital to enter to the market. Similar to most manufacturing industries there are significant economies involved in building motorbikes. (NCCU, 2012) The manufacturing price of a similar product is extremely high in this industry even for a small scale. This is basically one of the main reasons there are only four major players in the industry. There are some small-scale motorcycle creators whose business s fully focused on reputation and appeal to motorcycle devotees, to build utterly customized bikes. They do not produce enough motorbikes to threaten the major players in the industry. They do not affect the position of Harley Davidson in the market but can be an added advantage since it increases interest of motorbikes in the public. Threat of Substitutes and Complements Heavyweight motorcycles are a luxury item for the majority of consumers, so there are very less similar substitutes for heavyweight motorbikes that could seriously affect the market and consumers. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) The Japanese manufacturers focus their designs more on smaller, quicker motorbikes that is the closest substitute followed by cars and scooters. Heavyweight bikes portray a certain persona, which is a part of the buyer’s influences on choosing a motorbike. Smaller bikes are for different riding styles and purposes. They are designed for a different seating position unlike the heavyweight motorbikes. Passenger cars can be a substitute for heavyweight motorbikes but it is a weak substitute. (NCCU, 2012) Motorbike consumers rarely purchase Harley’s to fulfill transportation wants. Harley Davidson bikes are more of a luxury item than a necessity to travel. Motorbikes maybe easy to travel in heavy traffic and consume less gasoline compared to a car. If a consumer choses a motorbike for the above mentioned reasons, it would be more reasonable to buy a lighter motorbike, which would be easier to handle and fuel efficient than a heavyweight motorcycle. The most profound complement for a heavyweight motorbike is gasoline/petrol. If fuel prices were higher consumers would not consider purchasing a heavyweight bike, because most journeys taken by the bike on such a bike is highly discretionary and will be used for pleasure rather than for transport necessities. Nevertheless, most of the heavyweight bike consumers are willing to pay between $8000 and $30,000 for this luxury vehicle, they would not mind paying just a little extra for fuel. Bargaining Power of Suppliers According to Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway (2006), â€Å"Harley Davidson operates nearly every stage of the production of a motorcycle, taking raw materials such as steel and basic electrical components and shipping completed motorcycles to its extensive independent dealership network. Because there are many suppliers of all inputs that Harley Davidson requires for its manufacturing operations there is very little that any single supplier can do the exact rents from Harley. † This phrase proves that even if one supplier tries to escalate its profits/prices it would not be much of a deal for Harley to switch suppliers without interruption in production. â€Å"Preferred suppliers† approach reduced the number of suppliers Harley Davidson worked with and improved the quality of the suppliers as well; these long-term contracts and relationship protected Harley Davidson from supplier price increase. (NCCU, 2012) This also grew trust between the suppliers and Harley and their suppliers gained more profit as Harley improved their business. Bargaining Power of Consumers Similar to the Suppliers, Harley Davidson’s customers are of large population of individual consumers, making it difficult to badly affect Harley Davidson’s financial situation by refusing to corporate. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway 2006) Even though Harley’s dealerships are individually owned and operated the companies’ customers are officially their licensed dealers. But the sheer number of dealers that Harley has all over the world makes situation for dealers not much better than individual riders. Harley needs their customers to buy the product in order to gain profit; since Harley is aging they also need to gain more new loyal riders. Each Harley Davidson purchase is by an individual; even though one person would not drastically affect the financial earnings of the company it is essential to sell the individual experience to each customer to reach more Markets and combine these sales to improve financial strength. (NCCU, 2012).

Organize Your Digital Genealogy Photos Files

Organize Your Digital Genealogy Photos Files If you use a computer in your genealogy research- and who doesnt!- then you likely have a large collection of digital research files. Digital photos, downloaded census records or wills, scanned documents, emails... If youre like me, however, they end up scattered in various folders throughout your computer, despite your best efforts. This can really complicate matters when you need to locate a specific photo or track down an email. As with any organization project, there are several different ways to organize your digital genealogy files. Begin by thinking about the way you work and the types of files that you collect in the course of your genealogy research. Sort Your Files Digital genealogy files are easier to organize if you first get them sorted by type. Spend some time searching your computer files for anything related to genealogy. Look in your My Documents (or Documents) folder and sub-folders for text files, photos, downloaded files, and other genealogy documents. Use your file explorer (e.g. Windows Explorer, Finder) to search for documents using keywords such as surnames, record types, etc. A number of free file search tools are also available that offer additional search features. Check My Pictures, or other folder where you store your photos, for any digital or scanned photos or documents. You can also search using common image file extensions such as .jpg, .png or .tiff. Open your genealogy software program to learn where it stores its related files. They may be in the same folder as your genealogy software program (often under Program Files). This may include your genealogy software file, as well as any reports youve created or photos or documents youve imported into your software program. If you have downloaded any files, they may be in a Downloads, or similarly named folder.Open your email program and do a search for genealogy-related emails as well. These are often easier to organize if you copy and paste them into a word processing document or your genealogy software. Once youve located your digital genealogy files you have a number of choices. You can choose to leave them in their original locations and create an organization log to keep track of the files, or you can copy or move them into a more central location.   Log Your Digital Genealogy Files If you prefer to leave your files in their original locations on your computer, or if you are just the super-organized type, then a log may be the way to go. This is an easy method to maintain because you dont really have to worry about where things end up on your computer - you just make a note of it. A digital file log helps simplify the process of locating a particular photograph, digitized document, or other genealogy file. Use the table feature in your word processing program or a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel to create a log for your genealogy files. Include columns for the following: file name (including its extension) and datelocation on your computera brief description of the filenames of the primary individual(s) or geographical area(s) in the filephysical location of the original document or photo (if applicable). If you backup your digital files to DVD, USB drive, or other digital media, then include the name/number of and physical location of that media in the file location column.   Reorganize the Files on Your Computer If a file log is too hard for you to keep up, or doesnt meet all of your needs, then another method of keeping track of your digital genealogy files is to physically reorganize them on your computer. If you dont already have one, create a folder called Genealogy or Family Research to contain all of your genealogy files. I have mine as a sub-folder in my Documents folder (also backed up to my Dropbox account). Under the Genealogy folder, you can create sub-folders for places and surnames you are researching. If you use a particular physical filing system, you may want to follow the same organization on your computer. If you have a large number of files under a particular folder, then you may choose to create another level of sub-folders organized by date or document type. For example, I have a folder for my OWENS research. Within this folder I have a subfolder for photos and subfolders for each county in which Im researching this family. Within the county folders, I have subfolders fo r record types, as well as a main Research folder where I maintain my research notes. The Genealogy folder on your computer is also a good place to keep a backup copy of your genealogy software, although you should also keep an additional backup copy offline. By keeping your genealogy files in one central location on your computer, you make it easier to locate important research quickly. It also simplifies backup of your genealogy files.   Use Software Designed for Organization An alternative to the do-it-yourself method is to use a program designed for organizing computer files. Clooz  An organization program designed specifically for genealogists,  Clooz  is billed as an electronic filing cabinet. The software includes templates for entering information from a variety of standard genealogical documents such as census records, as well as photos, correspondence, and other genealogical records. You can import and attach a digital copy of the original photo or document to each template if you wish. Reports can be generated to show all documents contained in Clooz for a specific individual or record type. Photo Album Software  If your digital photos are scattered across your computer and on a collection of DVDs or external drives, a  digital photo organizer such as Adobe Photoshop Elements or Google Photos  can come to the rescue. These programs scan your hard drive and catalog every photo found there. Some also have the ability to catalog photos found on other networked computers or external drives. The organization of these images varies from program to program, but most organize the photos by date. A keyword feature allows you to add tags to your photos such as a specific surname, location, or keyword to make them easy to find at any time. My tombstone photos, for example, are tagged with the word cemetery, plus the name of the particular cemetery, the location of the cemetery and the surname of the individual. This gives me four different ways to easily find the same picture. One last method of organization for digital files is to import them all into your genealogy software program. Photos and digitized documents can be added to many family tree programs through a scrapbook feature. Some can even be attached as sources. Emails and text files can be copied and pasted into the notes field for the individuals to which they pertain. This system is nice if you have a small family tree, but can get a bit cumbersome if you have a large number of documents and photos which apply to more than one person. No matter what organization system you choose for your computer genealogy files, the trick is to use it consistently. Pick a system and stick to it and youll never have trouble finding a document again.  One last perk to digital genealogy - it helps eliminate some of the paper clutter!

The Boring, Old-Fashioned Way for Online Freelancers to Make More Money

The Boring, Old-Fashioned Way for Online Freelancers to Make More Money In the 21st century, finding freelance writing markets is more complicated than just opening your Writers Market book. A plethora of websites and apps exist online for freelancers, connecting writers to clients who want to buy their content. While many writers make a sizable living from working on sites such as  Fiverr  and  Upwork, others complain about the low rates clients pay. In fact, many gigs on Fiverr only pay five US dollars, oftentimes for extensive projects. Whats a freelancer to do when theyre earning low income on freelancing websites, and want to expand their portfolio and earn more money? Return to the boring Writers Market book. Online media may fetishize blogs and freelance websites as markets for freelance writers, but print magazines and newspapers still sell and still pay. For example,  AARP The Magazine, based in Washington, D.C., has about 35 million readers worldwide. Its not a market for most beginners, but it pays competitively, offering $1/word for original, unpublished content. Approaching magazine and newspaper editors with your Fiverr and Upwork clips is similar to approaching them with print magazine clips. Write a one-page query that succinctly describes your story idea, describes why the idea would be appropriate for the publication youre pitching, and shows your knowledge of the publication. Describe your previous writing experience and education, if you have any. Submit links to any published articles you may have. If you have no links, promise to submit writing samples in a future email. Get permission from your freelancing clients before you use their content as part of your portfolio. After you submit your query, wait. Wait between three weeks and two months. Print media still runs on pre-Internet time, and this discourages many writers used to fast emails and tweets. But the waiting is worth it. Even in 2018, being published in the print edition of a magazine like  The Atlantic as opposed to the online edition will give your writing career added prestige. Within that three weeks to two months period, you should receive a response from the publications editors. Unfortunately, youll receive a rejection most of the time. All writers receive rejection and have setbacks, but successful writers bounce back from rejection, write queries more appropriate to the magazine they want to crack, and re-submit. They keep on doing this until the editor breaks down and gives them an assignment, an opportunity to create an amazing article. Following are seven great print markets for online freelancers looking to make more money and have better quality gigs. These magazines accept a lot of new writers, and they pay at least 10 cents a word. 1. Wellbeing Magazine (Australia) wellbeing.com.au/contribute Pays up to $700AU for feature articles 2. M: Music and Musicians http://mmusicmag.com/m/   Editor: Rick Taylor Rick@Mmusicmag.com Pays up to $450 for feature articles 3. Symphony Magazine americanorchestras.org/symphony-magazine/about-symphony/submission-guidelines.html Pays up to $900 for feature articles 4. Alaska Airlines Magazine alaskaairlinesmagazine.com/contributor/guidelines/ Pays up to $700 for feature articles 5. The War Cry sanationalpublications.org/submission-guidelines/ Pays $0.35 per word for original content, $0.15 for reprints 6. Virginia Wildlife dgif.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/writers-photographers-guidelines.pdf Pays up to $500 per feature article 7. The Contemporary Sportsman integrateddigitalpublishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/IDP_Editorial_Photography_Guidelines.pdf Pays up to $700 for feature articles

ACT Test Dates 2018-2019

ACT Test Dates 2018-2019 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips At PrepScholar, we constantly review the best data to inform you about future test dates. If you know the future registration dates and test schedule, you can create your study plan and stay organized, allowing you to lessen your stress and reach your target score. In this article, I’ll give you the the ACT test dates for 2018-2019 and explain the factors to think about when choosing your test date. ACT Test Dates for 2018-2019 Here are the anticipated test dates, registration deadlines, and score release dates for 2018-2019. The test dates are confirmed by ACT, Inc., the others are our projections based on historical data. Test Date Deadline Late Deadline Score Release* Sept 8, 2018 Aug 3, 2018 Aug 17, 2018 Sept 18; Oct 2, 2018 Oct 27, 2018 Sept 21, 2018 Oct 5, 2018 Nov 6; Nov 20, 2018 Dec 8, 2018 Nov 2, 2018 Nov 16, 2018 Dec 18, 2018; Jan 1, 2019 Feb 9, 2019 Jan 4, 2019 Jan 18, 2019 Feb 19; Mar 5, 2019 Apr 13, 2019 Mar 8, 2019 Mar 22, 2019 Apr 23; May 7, 2019 June 8, 2019 May 3, 2019 May 17, 2019 June 18; July 2, 2019 July 13, 2019 June 14, 2019 June 21, 2019 July 23; Aug 6, 2019 *= Refers to online score release. The first date is when multiple choice scores come out, and the second one is when complete scores are available. How Accurate Is the Table Above? All of the dates are projected and subject to change. The final schedule will be released within roughly a year of the test dates. However, based on previous years’ dates, this schedule should be close to accurate. The score release dates are the least precise, but they should be within a week of the projected dates. Keep in mind that there's some inconsistency when multiple choice scores come out and not everyone receives them at the same time. How to Choose Your Test Date These are some of the major factors to consider when selecting your ACT test date: Know Your Deadlines! Take the ACT before your earliest college application deadlines. If you apply regular decision, the December test in your senior year will be the last test you can take for most colleges. If you apply early, the last test you can take may be in October or November of your senior year. Also, if you're hoping to get any scholarships that consider your ACT score, you’ll need to have your test score before the scholarship deadlines. How Many Times Do You Want to Take the ACT? Because most students increase their scores when they retake the ACT, you should give yourself an opportunity to take the test multiple times. Generally, we suggest first taking the ACT in the fall of your junior year. Then you can retake it in the spring of your junior year and the fall of your senior year if necessary. How Long Do You Plan to Study? When selecting your test date, figure out how long you’ll need to study and ensure you’ll be able to sufficiently prepare before you take the test. If you take both the September and October tests without doing any studying in between, your score probably won’t improve much. Do You Have Conflicts With Any Test Dates? Check to see if you have any potential conflicts on or around any of the ACT test dates. Maybe the February date is on the same day as your orchestra concert. Or perhaps you want to avoid the June test date because you’ll be focused on your finals. Even if it's challenging to find a time when you can fully dedicate yourself to the ACT, you should try to pick the best test dates for you. What's Next? Still not sure when you should take the ACT? Find out if you should pick the next available date. Even if you know when you want to take the ACT, learn more about where you should take it. Finally, read about our tips for signing up for the ACT. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

MGMT4420 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MGMT4420 - Essay Example some instances where an employee is very valuable to the company, the question might be, â€Å"So have you really made up your mind, are you really resigning?† There are many questions that the human resource personnel would like to ask the resigning employee and most of them are in line with the work experiences of the latter. This definitely will help the company evaluate some important reasons why an employee is resigning. At some point, this may also help the company realize some important points or adjustments that it needs to implement in order to retain its most valuable personnel. Contrary to a job interview, traditional exit interview is like a formal process of ending one’s responsibility with his or her employer. I remember, there were series of questions that were presented by the authorized personnel of the human resource without even knowing that it was already an actual exit interview. It was not conducted at the last day of my employment, but I still consider it as a form of traditional exit interview because the goal was purely for the benefit of the entire company. There was a specific attempt to hold my employment with them through a personal question from my boss which sounded like, â€Å"Would you be willing to leave your friend in this company and would you allow us to loss a valuable person like you?†. That certainly struck my emotion and I must admit it was because of a certain pride in me that I felt at that time upon knowing the fact from them that I was one of the assets of the company. I believe that at some point, the traditional exit interview is perfect opportunity for the company to hold back its very important employees. However, I believe everyone has the freedom to move out from an employment in the same way there was freedom in moving in. I think there must be something wrong with the traditional exit interview especially that it is usually conducted at the last day of employment. A person’s emotion might be mixed up with

Sexuality Education for people who living with a disability Assignment

Sexuality Education for people who living with a disability - Assignment Example This type of treatment makes it important for us to play our role in spreading such sexuality education that promotes respect for these individuals as well as mental and spiritual support for them. â€Å"Having an adult identity† and â€Å"autonomy† (Herbert, 2011, p.133) are two major rights that these individuals must be granted. In my practice, I would specially encourage the disabled individuals to enhance their expression of self-identity through not being embarrassed of their sexual orientation or sexual desires. The motivation to express self-identity and self-acceptance is the major thing that is required to give these individuals confidence. For example, I would advocate couples to compromise with the disability of a spouse and accept each other’s sexual orientation and sexual fantasies by overlooking the physical disability. Second, I would like to give awareness to females that they are the more precious gender of the two, and physical disability should not make them feel deprived of their sexual desires and related

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) Research Paper

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) - Research Paper Example This paper explores the challenges associated with psychiatric mental health nursing and the burnout associated with this filed of work. Introduction As a mental health psychiatric nurse, I realized that one key issues in my area is rapid nurse burnout. Mental health nurses suffer from burnout much sooner than those in other nursing fields of care (Breen, 2013). Burnout is associated with the increasing shortage of nurses, trends leaning towards more community care, and the elimination of numerous mental health care hospitals and facilities. The above problems have created a stressful work environment causing nurses to be forced to attempt to provide high quality care to the ever increasing number of patient load while at the same time recording a decrease in resources (Hanrahan,2010). Mental heal nurses have additional stressors, some of which include the large emotional demand of taking care of patients with complex and challenging violent related issues. Overcrowding of acute care settings along with the nurse to patient ratios add to the stress that nurses have to content with. This makes the working environment unsafe for the operation of nurses. Undesputedly, an enabling work environment is in itself motivational to new qualified nurses. It helps avoid emotional exhaustion, which is largely seen as detrimental in mental health as it affects the outcome of patient care and to a larger extend result in depersonalization of the nurse (Breen, 2013). Studies show that burnout in the psychiatric nursing field may be associated with non-supportive management, and there is need for to have formal orientation programs to acute care mental health nursing settings for the staff. This would help provide continuing education for nursing and ancillary staff, which would ultimately help deal with issues such as overload of paperwork, staff to patient ratio, work related injuries, volatile and unpredictable working environment. By extension, working with verbally abusive /aggressive patients contribute to the burnout of psychiatric mental health nurses earlier than that of the counterparts who work as medical surgical nurses (Breen, 2013). Hospitals must make working environments more conducive to their nurse, as well the patients. This will help preserve staff and in the long run decrease/ prevent nursing burnout. Recent studies have shown that hospitals need to create an environment that values the knowledge and professionalism by their nurses, and should work towards maintaining appropriate nurse to patient ratios for purposes of facilitating patient growth and wellness. These studies also suggest that hospitals should facilitate nurse to physician relationships, if they have to maintain continuity of care throughout the interdisciplinary team. According to these studies, this woud help hospitals to maintain safety on acute care inpatient settings, as well as outpatient settings by providing adequate security for staff (Hanrahan, 2010). Problem S tatement- Module 1 The two terms stress and burnout are often intertwined. As such, stress is the precursor to burnout. Stress is a feature that cannot be avoided in life; it can be viewed as positive or negative reinforcer (Elder, 2012). Burnout, on the other hand, has no positive aspects for the individual who is experiencing it. The term burnout is used to explain emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction in personal accomplishments. This group of problems is commonly referred to

Creation vs. Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Creation vs. Evolution - Essay Example Both the terms i.e. creation and evolution have strong interrelations with each other in relation to living organisms wherein the process of evolution takes place after creation (Strobel 98). This aspect can very well be related with the fact that human beings have evolved through apes and this is indeed a fact as there are numerous evidences to prove this fact (Scott 64). However, this essay intends to critically analyze the broad understandings regarding the various aspects of creation and evolution. The role that God played in relation to these two aspects will be also be broadly analyzed upon. DISCUSSION The notion of Creation vs. Evolution has been discussed in the book titled ‘The Case for Faith’ written by Lee Strobel. The book showcased the relationship between creation and evolution and it also highlighted the ways through which the human beings undergo the process of evolution after their creation. It has been learnt that evolution was considered to explain the origin as well as the development of life (Strobel 90). In relation to the beliefs of Christianity, evolution and its theory are considered to be catastrophic. It is felt that evolution can lead to drastic changes in one’s life and also it may result in harmful or depressive activities in the life of an individual or any other living being. It has also been learnt that many Christians have been seen to give rise to numerous objections/obligations in relation to the theory of evolution. In addition, most of the objections have been seen to arise in recent times only (Strobel 90). However, the two aspec ts of evolution i.e. micro evolution and macro evolution seem to explain a different story. The concept of micro evolution generally applies to the animals and plants wherein the relation between the various species of animals and plants can be bred for numerous purposes. These purposes may include milk production, development of antibiotics and development of useful bacteria through biological processes among others (Think Quest, â€Å"Evolution vs. Creation†). According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, it is regarded that life in earth started many years ago. Life in earth started by way of animals and plants that are considered to be the first creatures in this planet. They continue to populate the planet till date. This theory also lays its stress on the fact that human beings were actually developed by way of a long evolutionary process and apes are considered to be true ancestors of human beings (Mahoney 2). It is strongly regarded as a biological evolutionary pr ocess that took the final path after millions of years of this particular process (Strobel 89). Thus, based on these leanings, it is apparent that the process of creation does have a strong relationship with evolution. Furthermore, other books such as ‘Mere Creation’ and ‘Three Views of Creation and Evolution’ showed relationship between creation and evolution. Most importantly, the preaching in the books was made in accordance with the close relationship between creation and evolution (Got Questions Ministries, â€Å"What Does The Bible Say About Creation Vs. Evolution?†). The notions of both creation and evolution can be precisely understood and according to broad Christian beliefs, there is a particular process through which every living organism including human beings passes through. The scientific

Sterling Financial Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sterling Financial Study - Essay Example Bill Border's managerial experience has gotten off to a rocky start. Having only three months previous work as an area manager for Sterling was not really enough experience to the thrust in a position without time for adjustment, and with his closest help, Mary Gross-district manager, being 100 kilometers away. Bill has also come into the position at a time when a depressed economy was limiting productivity. Bill is focused on employee performance than job satisfaction, but given the circumstances of the economy's effect, and not researching previous performance levels, he cannot formulate an accurate perception of the work environment. Bill's lack of networking time, communication, and misconceptions on employee performance, led to the firing of a potentially valuable employee, and has led to other, larger problems such as higher anxiety, lack of positive motivating forces, and even less communication than before. The most pressing problem in Bill's situation is the lack of communication on his part. When Bill Border arrived to the position, he held an introductory meeting and individual reviews to discuss employee goals and the firm's expectations. Although the meeting and reviews were good ideas as ways to get acquainted with the staff, Bill's method failed because it was too generalized. Bill offered the employees the opportunity to discuss concerns with him, but he never did anything to address and resolve the issues presented. Harper (2006) stated, "Managers often believe that lack of employee ability and motivation are reaons for declining performance but other factors directly within the manager's influence may, in fact, be the real reaon for the decline (pag. 68). A lack of knowledge regarding his subordinates gave Bill a false perception about the real issues, and effected his decision making skills. Aside from effective communication, it is important for managers to have an accurate perception of the issues at hand. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d.) defined perception as, "A capacity for comprehension" (perception, n. pag.). Bill lacked this because he did not consider any external forces that were affecting worker productivity, believing they were just not motivated enough. Bill did not see the bigger picture of how the economy was stunting business, or any external problems that were affecting his subordinates. This distorted perception led Bill a decision that would hinder his progress as a manager further when he dismissed Keith Taylor, a 23-year-old management trainee. Keith had been with the Sterling Financial Company for 18 months and was considered by peers to be a well-liked, intelligent employee that gave satisfactory performance. Bill was concerned with Keith's increased absenteeism, but never considered the external factors affecting Keith's attendance. Bill did not communicate these concerns directly to Keith, but made a general and vague reference to the attendance issue during a meeting. Although Keith deserved a reprimand for his act of no call/no show, termination of his employment was unnecessary. When Bill tacked on the announcement of Keith's departure to the end of an office meeting without giving explanation, job stress skyrocketed with employees. His lack of effectively communicating the reasons

WORKING IN THE LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

WORKING IN THE LAW - Essay Example Those who advocate for the abandoning of this doctrine recommend comparative negligence, which is considered more equitable than this.2 When applying contributory negligence, the person who is injured ends up being forced to bear all the losses despite the losses having been caused by a second party’s misconduct.3 The person who is injured in this case assumes the collective burden while the defendant is given a chance to avoid taking personal responsibility for having caused the injury in question4. Spencer Dalyan Vs. Samson Singer This case involved two friends Mr Singer (who is my client, the defendant) and Mr Spencer (the plaintiff). Mr Spencer used to go visit Singer, his friend who was a contractor in Los Angeles. Spencer liked seeing new buildings under construction and would go visit the construction sites even when his friend Singer was absent. At times, Singer would even call Spencer to go and check whether his casual labourers had done the work assigned to them in c ase Singer was not able to make it to the site. One Friday evening, Spencer went visiting the construction site near some posh neighbourhood he was interested in settling there some day. During this visit, he happened not to inform Singer since it was sort of a routine when he was free and did not see the need to call his friend to inform him of this. Spencer climbed up to the second floor of this new unfinished building to have a clear view of the ocean. Unfortunately, while standing on the edge of the balcony, he happened to step on a wet blast that had been placed some few minutes ago before the workers had closed the work. This happened because he was so curious of the view and forgot to look at where he was stepping. Spencer slid and fell down the building but was lucky to have sustained fractures on his jaw and hand with some bruises on the lower part of the limbs. Court case for contributory negligence Various contributory negligence issues were presented by both parties: Pla intiff Spencer sued his friend Singer for damages since there was no sign indicated that the place should not be accessed until it dries and no wet floor warnings had been put and therefore Singer should foot the bills and pay for contributory negligence by paying damages to injuries sustained by him. The plaintiff Mr Spencer argued that Singer should have put signs to show that the concrete was wet and warn anyone to be careful not to access the floor. Alternatively, he argued that the entrance to the floor with wet concrete should have been sealed. He therefore demanded that Singer takes full responsibility for contributory negligence which led to the injuries. Defendant (my argument) When presenting the case to court against the suit, I argued that the plaintiff was fully responsible for his injuries since they occurred out of personal negligence. I raised various issues to defend my case. First, the claimant was not an employee to my client Mr Singer and therefore not authorized to visit the construction site. This meant that the building was only accessible to the workers of Singer and no other person unless it was completed and opened to the public. Second, the plaintiff neglected the fact that this was a building under construction and therefore wet concrete was inevitable and should have taken time to look at where he stepped first before he made the move. He was hence not concerned with his safety and this negligence led to his slide. Thirdly, the claimant did not even inform the defendant that he was visiting the site in his

Sterling Financial Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sterling Financial Study - Essay Example Bill Border's managerial experience has gotten off to a rocky start. Having only three months previous work as an area manager for Sterling was not really enough experience to the thrust in a position without time for adjustment, and with his closest help, Mary Gross-district manager, being 100 kilometers away. Bill has also come into the position at a time when a depressed economy was limiting productivity. Bill is focused on employee performance than job satisfaction, but given the circumstances of the economy's effect, and not researching previous performance levels, he cannot formulate an accurate perception of the work environment. Bill's lack of networking time, communication, and misconceptions on employee performance, led to the firing of a potentially valuable employee, and has led to other, larger problems such as higher anxiety, lack of positive motivating forces, and even less communication than before. The most pressing problem in Bill's situation is the lack of communication on his part. When Bill Border arrived to the position, he held an introductory meeting and individual reviews to discuss employee goals and the firm's expectations. Although the meeting and reviews were good ideas as ways to get acquainted with the staff, Bill's method failed because it was too generalized. Bill offered the employees the opportunity to discuss concerns with him, but he never did anything to address and resolve the issues presented. Harper (2006) stated, "Managers often believe that lack of employee ability and motivation are reaons for declining performance but other factors directly within the manager's influence may, in fact, be the real reaon for the decline (pag. 68). A lack of knowledge regarding his subordinates gave Bill a false perception about the real issues, and effected his decision making skills. Aside from effective communication, it is important for managers to have an accurate perception of the issues at hand. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d.) defined perception as, "A capacity for comprehension" (perception, n. pag.). Bill lacked this because he did not consider any external forces that were affecting worker productivity, believing they were just not motivated enough. Bill did not see the bigger picture of how the economy was stunting business, or any external problems that were affecting his subordinates. This distorted perception led Bill a decision that would hinder his progress as a manager further when he dismissed Keith Taylor, a 23-year-old management trainee. Keith had been with the Sterling Financial Company for 18 months and was considered by peers to be a well-liked, intelligent employee that gave satisfactory performance. Bill was concerned with Keith's increased absenteeism, but never considered the external factors affecting Keith's attendance. Bill did not communicate these concerns directly to Keith, but made a general and vague reference to the attendance issue during a meeting. Although Keith deserved a reprimand for his act of no call/no show, termination of his employment was unnecessary. When Bill tacked on the announcement of Keith's departure to the end of an office meeting without giving explanation, job stress skyrocketed with employees. His lack of effectively communicating the reasons

Background of Tourism Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Background of Tourism Industry - Case Study Example The four main tour operators or the Big Four in the UK include TUI, MyTravel, First Choice and Thomas Cook. However, consolidation and mergers have taken place among the Big Four as Thomas Cook and MyTravel have merged while TUI has merged with Britain’s First Choice (FVW, 2006). The growth of the British travel market has outpaced that of the rest of the developed world. The UK is an important originating market for long-haul travel and the British holidaymakers have a tendency to use tour operators when traveling long-haul. The growth of TUI can be attributed to the growing demand in the UK. This paper proposes to understand how TUI could attain leadership in the European tourism industry and how they have been able to keep the competitors at bay. The history of TUI can be traced way back to 1923, the year in which the company was formed and started operating in industry, transport and natural resources (TUI, 2009). In 1997 the organization shifted its focus to travel and tourism. The 2001 year saw a new management structure coming into place which gave a new strategic focus to the organization. Today TUI is the market leader with 11 Boeing Dreamliners and 50 next-generation 737s. It has around 200+ brands in its kitty. It operates in 180 countries worldwide serving more than 30 million customers. It employs 50,000 people and operates pan-Europe consisting 150 aircraft (TUI, 2009a). they have set up their own low-cost travel agencies across Europe and in Germany, they also sell their tour online through Touropa.com. In addition, they also sell through travel agencies, television and call centers. This strategy gave a boost to TUI’s position in Europe as they became Europe leaders in the direct sale of travel products wi th a turnover of â‚ ¬2.6bn in 2005. It then became the biggest tour operator in Europe.

Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essay

Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essay The purpose of this paper is to do research of the tourism industry in Antarctica continent according to the research question of How to develop a sustainable tourism industry in the Antarctic? It is a fundamental to have cooperation from every organization related to Antarctica tourism. Since the continent has been consider as fragile and being the most valuable spot to humankind for exploration in many aspects such as environmental issues. Moreover, the management in this region is quite interesting as there are no permanently resident livings, and seven countries making territory claims during the first half of 20th century. In conclusion, the perspectives from tour operators, tourists and the organizations that work closely to Antarctica are very important to improve and preserve as the world heritage site. Antarctica is the most isolated continent that covers the bottom of the globe; it is also commonly known as the South Pole. It is the coldest, windiest, highest and driest place on Earth with no permanent inhabitants living there. Therefore, it is a challenge to explore Antarctica because of the coldest weather and beautiful scenery with ice covering all region, interesting local animals and plant survival in such area. Travel to Antarctica is one kind of adventure tourism and in the mean time, this can also be education tourism as scientists from all over the world come to study the organism and ecosystem. Antarctica is quite expensive to travel to but most of the visitors find that their experiences are exceed their expectations (Lonely Planet, 2010). This paper also points out about the negative impacts from tourism on Antarctic, especially from human activities toward its environment and means of protecting it. Not only in the Antarctic but also all over the world have concern been expressed about the climate change and global warming. Ozone depletion and melting glaciers are the serious environmental problems to this continent as well. We will see how tourism developments in the Antarctic happen and how to maintain sustainable tourism in this region. There are no restaurants, theaters or shopping malls, what attracts tourists to go there. All of the information above can be found in this paper. Brief Information and Background about Antarctica Timeline History The ancient Greeks who first came up with the idea of this continent named Arktos have known about Antarctica since 350 B.C., but they never actually went there. In the year 1773, James Cook circumnavigated Antarctica that means he was the first person to cross the Antarctic circle. He made a comment: I make bold to declare that the world will derive no benefit from it (cool Antarctica, 2001). In 1820, the Antarctic continent was first seen by human eyes from three men whose separate voyages had been given credit that year. During the years 1840 to 1914 there were many historic trips from the travelers eager to explore the continent and many trips failed and tragedy happened such as a ship that sank and the crew perished because they couldnt stand with the extremely cold weather. The first airplane flight was made by Sir George Hubert Wilkins in the year 1928. December 1, 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed to establish the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. In 1991, twenty-four countries signed an agreement that barred exploration for oil or mineral deposit for 50 years (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999). Antarctica Geography, Wildlife and Flora Antarctica is centered on the geographical South Pole with 13.9 million square kilometers or approximately twice the size of Australia. For millions of years snow and ice have built up, making the continent entirely covered by an ice sheet comprises about 98% of Antarcticas surface which is about 95% of the worlds fresh water reserves. The lowest temperatures can drop down as -89.6Â °C. Antarctica is ranked as the fifth largest of the seven continents. The continent lacks an indigenous human population, but is home to millions of penguins, seabirds, seals, whales and temporary home to thousand of scientists and their support staff. The hallmark wildlife of Antarctica is penguins with seven species, only the male hatch single egg for nine weeks on their feet. Penguins feed heavily on fish, squid and crustaceans, its natural enemies are seals and killer whales. Watching flying seabirds is one of the popular activities for tourists while wandering on the cruise. The albatross is the largest flying sea bird with 4 meters wingspan. Other fascinating marine animals are Antarctic seals, using sonar for feeding, mainly on fish, squid and krill (a key species for Antarctic ecosystem). During the 19th and 20th centuries, seals were heavily hunted for their skins, fur and oil, driving them almost to extinction. Today, seals are protected by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, which allows a small quota for scientific examination. The biggest warm-blooded mammals on this continent are whales. They live their entire lives in the water and has a lifespan between 20 and 40 years up to 80. Antarctica has be en declared an international whale sanctuary with whaling activities closely monitored by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) (Antarctic Connection, 2010). Many people may be confused and think that there are polar bears in Antarctica but it was wrong because polar bears only live in the North Pole. Because of the hostile climate, not many plants can grow well since only approximately 2% of Antarctica is ice-free. There are only two native plants that can grow a grass and a cushion forming pearlwort (laws, 1989). Mosses, liverworts and lichens are the greatest interest to tourist for photography (Bauer, 2001) as they add some color to the region rather than white from the ice sheet. There are some measures to protect Antarctic wildlife and nature such as: Do not use aircraft, small boats to disturb wildlife, either sea or land and do not make any loud noise to frighten them. Do not feed, touch seals, penguins and birds or make anything to cause them to alter their behavior. Do not damage plants or bring non-native plants or animals into the Antarctic. Tourism in Antarctica and its development Antarctica can be referred to a fragile and unknown continent (Bauer, 2001). The Antarctic tourism industry began in the late 1950s when Chile and Argentina took more than 500 passengers to the South Shetland Islands. The world first expedition ship called Lindblad Explorer was designed in 1969 for carrying tourists to the Antarctic; this was in the period of modern cruise industry. Since then, the number of tourists has grown from a few hundred to more than 30,000 each year as shown in figure 1 below. Tourism continues to expand; WTO (2000) forecast estimated that about 1.56 billion tourists would arrive by the year 2020. Figure 1: The statistics of tourists to Antarctica by nationality in 2008-2009 (source: IAATO) Large scale and uncontrolled tourism can have a destructive impact on the continents environment. Therefore, all of the shipping companies, travel agencies, yachts and air operations have become members of International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators or IAATO founded in 1991 to promote and practice safe and environmentally responsible action in the Antarctic (IAATO, n.d.). No visa is required for travelling to Antarctica, but travelers have to check with the tour operator in case they make stops at other countries. Travel insurance is highly recommended. Late October through early April is suitable time to travel because it is the ice recede period, days are long up to 24 hours of daylight in December and January. The gateway ports to Antarctic region include Valparaiso, Chile; Ushuaia, Argentina and Invercargill / Bluff; New Zealand (Travel and Leisure, 2010). Antarctica is an almost completely inaccessible destination with no land connections or regular commercial flights. Therefore, the only way to experience Antarctica is by joining a program conducted by tour operators: cruises, yachts, over flights without landings. With the absence of a local Antarctic population, one interesting question is; Who will benefit from Antarctic tourism activities? In my opinion, the one who will get the benefit from Antarctic tourism is the tour operator in the term of economics but in the meantime, the tourist will also gain their truly spectacular experience where it cannot be bought. As mentioned in the introduction, travelling to Antarctica can be categorized as adventure and education tourism because of its geography surrounding natural laboratories for scientific research, which cannot be done anywhere else on Earth. The research involves government agencies, private industry, scientists and students from the university faculties. The most interesting research falls among the following subjects: geology, glaciology, oceanography, astronomy, meteorology, atmospheric sciences, biology and medical science (Antarctic Connection, 2010). Therefore, most of the tourists going to Antarctica are scientists and student groups to discover case studies and learn from real experience. What make people want to visit Antarctica once in a lifetime and what are the activities for the tourist while they are here will be described. People who love adventure, challenge and want to explore the extraordinary experience will plan their trip here. Gunn (1988) describes attraction as on location places in regions that not only provide things for tourists to see and to do but also offer the magnetism for travel. The attractions is the most powerful component of supply side of tourism Here are the lists of tourist attractions in Antarctica; Natural Attractions tourist can watch a great natural view from the tall mountains, massive glaciers, ice shelves, huge floating icebergs, flora, seabird, seals and penguins. Scientific Research Stations the popular stations for tourist are the Argentinean and Esperanza. Visits to scientific stations provide a chance to meet inhabitants who spent long periods of their time and have another opportunity to discuss and exchange their travel experience in this region. Historic Sites, Monuments and Huts where the explorers left behind, the most frequently visited huts is the one built by Scott and Shackleton on Ross Island. One concern problem is that too many visitors may damage the sites, therefore the 33 historic huts and sites are managed by the New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust and restrict for the maximum number of visitors inside the huts and to ensure that the number is not exceeded (Bauer, 2001). Whaling Station Whaling has become unacceptable for conservationists and these mammals are nearly extinct, but stations such as Whalers Bay and Stromness are included in many cruise itineraries. Travelling to Antarctica is risk-taking; as a result, a professional tour operator that prepares all the necessary equipment and contingency plan is recommended. Before planning to go to Antarctica, the tourist should prepare and know their capabilities. Health check-up is essential, and thick clothes are very important to keep the body warm. Bear in mind that an accident can happen at any time. Respect the regulations strictly such as do not walk onto glaciers, where you can fall into hidden crevasses. Environmental Impacts from Antarctica Tourism Many principal causes from the tourism can impact the ecosystem of Antarctica; for example pollution through sewage, fuels, oil, waste and noise from the transportation and human both tourists and scientists. Moreover, introduction of non-native soils, plants and animals, or even travel on foot and disturbance of local bird or seal breeding colonies also cause an impact. This is a very serious problem to the earth as it may destroy nature and accumulate into a big issue. Hence, it is one of the tour operators responsibilities to explain, train and advise the tourists how they have to behave during the trip. The information must contain clear, useful information of do and dont in Antarctica with the reason at the end so that the tourist will understand what will affect the environment if they break the rules. Climate change involves human interventions such as the emissions of greenhouse gases; the experience from National Antarctic Programs over the two decades demonstrates that reducing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in Antarctica can yield huge benefits to global environment. Also all economic activities such as fisheries should be managed in a preventive way. According to the research, during the years 2004-2005 approximately 50,000 tourists traveled to Antarctica, therefore the average of each person emission of CO2 was 4 tons during their stay, which usually lasted several months (Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, 2009). Glacier melt and ozone depletion are major problems to Antarctica as it affect the living creature. The main cause is from global warming that accelerate the melting of glaciers. Those effects include excessive flooding, rise in sea level and habitat loss (Buzzle, 2010). Chlorofluorocarbon or CFCs found in aerosol sprays, air conditioning systems and refrigerators is a major cause of the destruction of the ozone layer over Antarctica. There is an isolated region in the atmosphere which had a circular motion called polar vortex and researchers believe that the gases will float about 20-50 km above the ground towards Antarctica, thus, creating a big hole above (thinkquest, 2010). Moreover, poor visitors management can cause ecology damage such as stepping on the moss can affect its slow growing, disturbing wildlife can affect their behavior and their breeding, rubbish and waste from the ships and cruises can distort the balance of ecology. Even an accident such as oil spill and chemical leak can have a big impact, as it will take a long time to disappear from the sea surface (Gee, 2003). Future forecast for Antarctica in the year 2100 are 33% reduction of sea ice, all main krill will experience food limitations, and the number of mike whale will be depleted by 5-30%. A possible adaptation is to protect the area and maintain stable sea ice, control human activities to minimize impact and to implement appropriate biosecurity measures. Antarctica plays an important role in the Earths climate system as the research is crucial for understanding global warming, in conclusion it need to be monitored closely for every activity occurring in Antarctica. Regulation of Antarctic Tourism under the Antarctic Treaty System Antarctica is different from any other place in the world; it is a continent that is not owned by any country, organization or individual. The unique political situation makes the management of tourism activities here unlike any other tourist destinations. Seven countries making territory claims in Antarctica: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom. The treaty was signed on December 1, 1959 with a total of 44 countries signing the treaty; 7 claim territory in Antarctica, 12 are Original Signatories and 27 are Consultative Parties (Australian Antarctic Division, 2000). The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) hold annual meetings to discuss issues and make recommendations to each partys government for the management of Antarctic affairs. The Treaty describes measures for rules setting to each area for proper use of the environment (Australian Antarctic Division, 2000). The main objectives of Treaty state that Antarctica is to be used for peaceful purposes and prohibit for military activities or any weapons, there are freedom for scientific research and scientific information sharing, radioactive and nuclear materials are banned (skwirk, 2010). It is good to have at least one organization to control and be responsible for the remote land like Antarctica otherwise there would not have been the land left until the present time. U.S diplomats proposed expanding the 50 years old of Antarctic Treaty System to include the restrictions on tourism. The Obama administration pushing the limits on the size of cruise ships sailing and the number of passengers bring to ashore to protect Antarcticas environment under international law restriction on tourism. The purpose is to minimize the accidental of marine oil spills to ensure that the tourism is responsible in safety and environmentally (fox news, 2010) Figure 2.1: Antarctica Territorial Claims (Source: Australia Antarctic Division) Figure 2.2: Antarctica Seven Countries Territorial Claims Figure 2.1 shows the big picture of the Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Territorial Claims by seven countries where figure 2.2 shows the small picture of those seven countries claims for clearly illustrate. Not many places in the Earth where there has never been war, the environment is flawlessly and fully protected which is the place where scientific research has full authority such like Antarctica. Because of no original inhabitant in this region, there should be some government sector to operate and monitor on it. The objectives of the Treaty is to ensure that the area is zone free for nuclear test and used the area for peaceful mission only, to promote international scientific and to set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty. Is Tourism in Antarctica Sustainable? And how to develop a sustainable tourism industry in the Antarctic Over the past few decades, tourism industry is one of the worlds fastest growing industries. So far, Antarctica is one of a few areas in the world that remained untouchable whereas the number of tourists has been steadily increasing according to the statistics from the beginning of Antarctic tourism in 1960s until now. The major environmental impact in Antarctic is from tourism; therefore sustainable tourism has been introduced and integrated into this area. Sustainable Tourism is an effective balance among economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development to ensure that there is less impact to the place visited and to guarantee long-term benefits for all community involved (UNWTO, 2004), including continue keeping the natural resources for our next generation to be seen as well as we have seen it today. Sustainability becomes the most frequently addressed in tourism during 1990s in order to maintain, preserve or rebuild resources for tourism development that have the least negative impacts on the natural environments, additionally, this is more environmentally friendly kind of tourism (Bauer, 2001). The term sustainable development is now replacing the old word conservation. One kind of tourism that is the expression of sustainable tourism development is called ecotourism (Ritchie Goeldner, 1994), implying that tourism development and resource protection can be compatible. During the progress of tourism, ecotourism offers opportunity for financial support for resource protection (Ziffer, 1989). Does tourism in Antarctica fall into ecotourism category? Since it offers travel experience with educational and outdoor adventure. Ecotourism can defined as travelling to remote or natural areas to enhance understanding with appreciation of environment and cultural heritage while avoiding deterioration to remain the same condition for others experiences (Figgis, 1993). Therefore, tourism in Antarctica could be one kind of ecotourism. The sustainable development goal in Antarctica including the role of tourism that focused on destination rather than human development. It is believed that tourists who visit Antarctica could be spokesperson and become more active in protecting the continent because they have seen the real scenario in front and would have the feeling to preserve this valuable territory. One of the article survey and interview with the tour organizer and tourist about the overview of the Antarctica tourism in the future, many of the interviewees believe that more regulation is really needed for effectively management and also the enforce restrictive policies should be issue. The way to improve the role of Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) for the regulation of Antarctic tourism is to establish a commission with the representatives from main tourism countries that reported to ATS (Lamers, 2009). Accreditation system set up has been suggested for tourism operators to guarantee safe and for industry standard s (Australia, 2004). The issue of specific restriction and prohibition of the number of tourists or ships visiting Antarctica has been raised, but that would be difficult because of political will and difficulties of enforcing as countries might not want to limit their economical opportunities in such area. Although the general principles of Antarctic tourism are accepted on environmental quality and human safety, in terms of future scale and the control of tourism development still in argument. Some opinion seeing tourism as a harmless activity, which can create ambassador of Antarctica against the devastating actions that might happen in the future. Second perspective sees tourism as a potential source of income for local stakeholder such as National Antarctic Program or NAPs. Third perspective sees that tourism is allowable as long as there is no negative impact to the environment (Lamers, 2009). The last perspective is a good conclusion due to the fact that travel with harmless to the nature is one k ind of sustainable travelling therefore the clearly tourism policy towards Antarctica should be made suddenly. Planning with the solution is quite a good review in order to maintain the last resources of the world. Adaptation to the situation is also necessary, we must change our life before we are force to do so (Thomas, 2009). How can sustainable tourism in Antarctica be achieved? It is not an accountability of any company, organization or country but it need cooperation from everyone who involve in such businesses or places such as the tour operator, tourist, government or even the local who live near the tourist attraction. Antarctica is the ultimate destination for anyone interested in natural history but it also challenges those people who visit to think broadly about our responsibilities to all life on Earth. Thats the view of Dr.Robert Lambert, a lecturer on Tourism and the Environment at The University of Nottingham, who has just returned from the Antarctic as an observer for the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) (Science Daily, 2008). Hence, any trash should not be leave in the area to maintain natural and undestroyed, the tourist should realize that they are short-term visit, full responsible and ethical to surrounding environment is essential. Conclusion In order to practice sustainable tourism in Antarctica, it should be clearly understood the concept that to be sustainable is to travel with conscious and deeply understand the value of nature, be concerned and realize the consequences that might happen in the future are not only in a positive way but also in negative ways. The concept of sustainable tourism is wider scope on economics, environmental and socio-cultural whereas ecotourism is focus on environmental and ecological issues. In addition, sustainable tourism is emphasize on indigenous people, in this case it mean the local fauna that live in Antarctica. The preservationist anxious that in the future Antarctica will be in the crisis of global warming which is the result from human activities that may cause the fauna become extinct. In addition, the ozone depletion that makes the world get higher temperature and make the glacier melt is one of the possibilities for the disappearance of Antarctica Continent in the next decade. A big flooding could happen as Antarctica has about 95% of the worlds fresh water reserves, therefore it is possibility effect to the near located countries and also to the world. An active contribution to the community is one kind of sustainable tourism as some tourists might volunteer to help create or preserve the natural resources. The tourist who visit to the rare place of the world like Antarctica must be arrogant and feel cherish that give a power to do something to help promote or preserve the precious place before it is too late to protect. They may give a donation to the foundation, or write a story on the internet to share their experience and their feeling visiting the wonderland like Antarctica. This is another way to express their intention of how important to preserve and make it sustainable. Since the current world is relying on the cyber and internet, the information putting should be trustworthy to avoid misunderstanding. To answer the research question: How to develop a sustainable tourism industry in the Antarctic? will not be easy if there is a lack of cooperation from many sides or parties that have to relate and share in Antarctic tourism. Henceforth, the organization that have influence in Antarctica such as the seven countries that making territory claims or Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party (ATCP), International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) should have an explicitly guideline to the concerning parties. Updated regulation and prohibition is crucial due to the world has change and the old rules may not comply with the new facing problems. As the Antarctic tourism regulated by ATCP has been considered weak and too slow in implementation process and decision-making (Bastmeijer Roura, 2004), also many regulations are not legally compulsory (Bastmeijer, 2003) therefore transparently operation is very important in the self-regulatory regime. World Tourism Organisation (WTO) launched the principle of sustainable tourism and defined as: development that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems (WTO, 1993). The success of a sustainable tourism development in the Antarctic should be combining with the sustainable use, resource conservation, economic development and diversification, learning about the natural and cultural environment (Wylie, 1994). Good sources of information and knowledge are very important in development since the tourists may not know deeply about Antarctica as scientist, for that reason the tourists must have useful information about the place visit and know how to behave during the trip. Such information is very vital to avoid the risk of effecting an environment and ecosystem. Travelling with unharmed nature is the best solution to develop sustainable tourism since we can be appreciate the nature and at the same time can keep the same resources last long.